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# sqlglot.dialects.postgres

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      1from __future__ import annotations
      2
      3import typing as t
      4
      5from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens, transforms
      6from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
      7    DATE_ADD_OR_SUB,
      8    Dialect,
      9    JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE,
     10    any_value_to_max_sql,
     11    bool_xor_sql,
     12    datestrtodate_sql,
     13    build_formatted_time,
     14    filter_array_using_unnest,
     15    json_extract_segments,
     16    json_path_key_only_name,
     17    max_or_greatest,
     18    merge_without_target_sql,
     19    min_or_least,
     20    no_last_day_sql,
     21    no_map_from_entries_sql,
     22    no_paren_current_date_sql,
     23    no_pivot_sql,
     24    no_trycast_sql,
     25    build_json_extract_path,
     26    build_timestamp_trunc,
     27    rename_func,
     28    str_position_sql,
     29    struct_extract_sql,
     30    timestamptrunc_sql,
     31    timestrtotime_sql,
     32    trim_sql,
     33    ts_or_ds_add_cast,
     34)
     35from sqlglot.helper import seq_get
     36from sqlglot.parser import binary_range_parser
     37from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
     38
     39DATE_DIFF_FACTOR = {
     40    "MICROSECOND": " * 1000000",
     41    "MILLISECOND": " * 1000",
     42    "SECOND": "",
     43    "MINUTE": " / 60",
     44    "HOUR": " / 3600",
     45    "DAY": " / 86400",
     46}
     47
     48
     49def _date_add_sql(kind: str) -> t.Callable[[Postgres.Generator, DATE_ADD_OR_SUB], str]:
     50    def func(self: Postgres.Generator, expression: DATE_ADD_OR_SUB) -> str:
     51        if isinstance(expression, exp.TsOrDsAdd):
     52            expression = ts_or_ds_add_cast(expression)
     53
     54        this = self.sql(expression, "this")
     55        unit = expression.args.get("unit")
     56
     57        expression = self._simplify_unless_literal(expression.expression)
     58        if not isinstance(expression, exp.Literal):
     59            self.unsupported("Cannot add non literal")
     60
     61        expression.args["is_string"] = True
     62        return f"{this} {kind} {self.sql(exp.Interval(this=expression, unit=unit))}"
     63
     64    return func
     65
     66
     67def _date_diff_sql(self: Postgres.Generator, expression: exp.DateDiff) -> str:
     68    unit = expression.text("unit").upper()
     69    factor = DATE_DIFF_FACTOR.get(unit)
     70
     71    end = f"CAST({self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS TIMESTAMP)"
     72    start = f"CAST({self.sql(expression, 'expression')} AS TIMESTAMP)"
     73
     74    if factor is not None:
     75        return f"CAST(EXTRACT(epoch FROM {end} - {start}){factor} AS BIGINT)"
     76
     77    age = f"AGE({end}, {start})"
     78
     79    if unit == "WEEK":
     80        unit = f"EXTRACT(days FROM ({end} - {start})) / 7"
     81    elif unit == "MONTH":
     82        unit = f"EXTRACT(year FROM {age}) * 12 + EXTRACT(month FROM {age})"
     83    elif unit == "QUARTER":
     84        unit = f"EXTRACT(year FROM {age}) * 4 + EXTRACT(month FROM {age}) / 3"
     85    elif unit == "YEAR":
     86        unit = f"EXTRACT(year FROM {age})"
     87    else:
     88        unit = age
     89
     90    return f"CAST({unit} AS BIGINT)"
     91
     92
     93def _substring_sql(self: Postgres.Generator, expression: exp.Substring) -> str:
     94    this = self.sql(expression, "this")
     95    start = self.sql(expression, "start")
     96    length = self.sql(expression, "length")
     97
     98    from_part = f" FROM {start}" if start else ""
     99    for_part = f" FOR {length}" if length else ""
    100
    101    return f"SUBSTRING({this}{from_part}{for_part})"
    102
    103
    104def _string_agg_sql(self: Postgres.Generator, expression: exp.GroupConcat) -> str:
    105    separator = expression.args.get("separator") or exp.Literal.string(",")
    106
    107    order = ""
    108    this = expression.this
    109    if isinstance(this, exp.Order):
    110        if this.this:
    111            this = this.this.pop()
    112        order = self.sql(expression.this)  # Order has a leading space
    113
    114    return f"STRING_AGG({self.format_args(this, separator)}{order})"
    115
    116
    117def _datatype_sql(self: Postgres.Generator, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
    118    if expression.is_type("array"):
    119        return f"{self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}[]" if expression.expressions else "ARRAY"
    120    return self.datatype_sql(expression)
    121
    122
    123def _auto_increment_to_serial(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
    124    auto = expression.find(exp.AutoIncrementColumnConstraint)
    125
    126    if auto:
    127        expression.args["constraints"].remove(auto.parent)
    128        kind = expression.args["kind"]
    129
    130        if kind.this == exp.DataType.Type.INT:
    131            kind.replace(exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.SERIAL))
    132        elif kind.this == exp.DataType.Type.SMALLINT:
    133            kind.replace(exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.SMALLSERIAL))
    134        elif kind.this == exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT:
    135            kind.replace(exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.BIGSERIAL))
    136
    137    return expression
    138
    139
    140def _serial_to_generated(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
    141    if not isinstance(expression, exp.ColumnDef):
    142        return expression
    143    kind = expression.kind
    144    if not kind:
    145        return expression
    146
    147    if kind.this == exp.DataType.Type.SERIAL:
    148        data_type = exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.INT)
    149    elif kind.this == exp.DataType.Type.SMALLSERIAL:
    150        data_type = exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.SMALLINT)
    151    elif kind.this == exp.DataType.Type.BIGSERIAL:
    152        data_type = exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT)
    153    else:
    154        data_type = None
    155
    156    if data_type:
    157        expression.args["kind"].replace(data_type)
    158        constraints = expression.args["constraints"]
    159        generated = exp.ColumnConstraint(kind=exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint(this=False))
    160        notnull = exp.ColumnConstraint(kind=exp.NotNullColumnConstraint())
    161
    162        if notnull not in constraints:
    163            constraints.insert(0, notnull)
    164        if generated not in constraints:
    165            constraints.insert(0, generated)
    166
    167    return expression
    168
    169
    170def _build_generate_series(args: t.List) -> exp.GenerateSeries:
    171    # The goal is to convert step values like '1 day' or INTERVAL '1 day' into INTERVAL '1' day
    172    step = seq_get(args, 2)
    173
    174    if step is None:
    175        # Postgres allows calls with just two arguments -- the "step" argument defaults to 1
    176        return exp.GenerateSeries.from_arg_list(args)
    177
    178    if step.is_string:
    179        args[2] = exp.to_interval(step.this)
    180    elif isinstance(step, exp.Interval) and not step.args.get("unit"):
    181        args[2] = exp.to_interval(step.this.this)
    182
    183    return exp.GenerateSeries.from_arg_list(args)
    184
    185
    186def _build_to_timestamp(args: t.List) -> exp.UnixToTime | exp.StrToTime:
    187    # TO_TIMESTAMP accepts either a single double argument or (text, text)
    188    if len(args) == 1:
    189        # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-TABLE
    190        return exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list(args)
    191
    192    # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-formatting.html
    193    return build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "postgres")(args)
    194
    195
    196def _json_extract_sql(
    197    name: str, op: str
    198) -> t.Callable[[Postgres.Generator, JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE], str]:
    199    def _generate(self: Postgres.Generator, expression: JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE) -> str:
    200        if expression.args.get("only_json_types"):
    201            return json_extract_segments(name, quoted_index=False, op=op)(self, expression)
    202        return json_extract_segments(name)(self, expression)
    203
    204    return _generate
    205
    206
    207class Postgres(Dialect):
    208    INDEX_OFFSET = 1
    209    TYPED_DIVISION = True
    210    CONCAT_COALESCE = True
    211    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_large"
    212    TIME_FORMAT = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'"
    213
    214    TIME_MAPPING = {
    215        "AM": "%p",
    216        "PM": "%p",
    217        "D": "%u",  # 1-based day of week
    218        "DD": "%d",  # day of month
    219        "DDD": "%j",  # zero padded day of year
    220        "FMDD": "%-d",  # - is no leading zero for Python; same for FM in postgres
    221        "FMDDD": "%-j",  # day of year
    222        "FMHH12": "%-I",  # 9
    223        "FMHH24": "%-H",  # 9
    224        "FMMI": "%-M",  # Minute
    225        "FMMM": "%-m",  # 1
    226        "FMSS": "%-S",  # Second
    227        "HH12": "%I",  # 09
    228        "HH24": "%H",  # 09
    229        "MI": "%M",  # zero padded minute
    230        "MM": "%m",  # 01
    231        "OF": "%z",  # utc offset
    232        "SS": "%S",  # zero padded second
    233        "TMDay": "%A",  # TM is locale dependent
    234        "TMDy": "%a",
    235        "TMMon": "%b",  # Sep
    236        "TMMonth": "%B",  # September
    237        "TZ": "%Z",  # uppercase timezone name
    238        "US": "%f",  # zero padded microsecond
    239        "WW": "%U",  # 1-based week of year
    240        "YY": "%y",  # 15
    241        "YYYY": "%Y",  # 2015
    242    }
    243
    244    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    245        BIT_STRINGS = [("b'", "'"), ("B'", "'")]
    246        HEX_STRINGS = [("x'", "'"), ("X'", "'")]
    247        BYTE_STRINGS = [("e'", "'"), ("E'", "'")]
    248        HEREDOC_STRINGS = ["$"]
    249
    250        HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
    251        HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = TokenType.PARAMETER
    252
    253        KEYWORDS = {
    254            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    255            "~~": TokenType.LIKE,
    256            "~~*": TokenType.ILIKE,
    257            "~*": TokenType.IRLIKE,
    258            "~": TokenType.RLIKE,
    259            "@@": TokenType.DAT,
    260            "@>": TokenType.AT_GT,
    261            "<@": TokenType.LT_AT,
    262            "|/": TokenType.PIPE_SLASH,
    263            "||/": TokenType.DPIPE_SLASH,
    264            "BEGIN": TokenType.COMMAND,
    265            "BEGIN TRANSACTION": TokenType.BEGIN,
    266            "BIGSERIAL": TokenType.BIGSERIAL,
    267            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
    268            "CONSTRAINT TRIGGER": TokenType.COMMAND,
    269            "DECLARE": TokenType.COMMAND,
    270            "DO": TokenType.COMMAND,
    271            "EXEC": TokenType.COMMAND,
    272            "HSTORE": TokenType.HSTORE,
    273            "JSONB": TokenType.JSONB,
    274            "MONEY": TokenType.MONEY,
    275            "REFRESH": TokenType.COMMAND,
    276            "REINDEX": TokenType.COMMAND,
    277            "RESET": TokenType.COMMAND,
    278            "REVOKE": TokenType.COMMAND,
    279            "SERIAL": TokenType.SERIAL,
    280            "SMALLSERIAL": TokenType.SMALLSERIAL,
    281            "NAME": TokenType.NAME,
    282            "TEMP": TokenType.TEMPORARY,
    283            "CSTRING": TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE,
    284            "OID": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    285            "ONLY": TokenType.ONLY,
    286            "OPERATOR": TokenType.OPERATOR,
    287            "REGCLASS": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    288            "REGCOLLATION": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    289            "REGCONFIG": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    290            "REGDICTIONARY": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    291            "REGNAMESPACE": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    292            "REGOPER": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    293            "REGOPERATOR": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    294            "REGPROC": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    295            "REGPROCEDURE": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    296            "REGROLE": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    297            "REGTYPE": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    298        }
    299
    300        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
    301            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
    302            "$": TokenType.HEREDOC_STRING,
    303        }
    304
    305        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"$"}
    306
    307    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    308        PROPERTY_PARSERS = {
    309            **parser.Parser.PROPERTY_PARSERS,
    310            "SET": lambda self: self.expression(exp.SetConfigProperty, this=self._parse_set()),
    311        }
    312        PROPERTY_PARSERS.pop("INPUT")
    313
    314        FUNCTIONS = {
    315            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    316            "DATE_TRUNC": build_timestamp_trunc,
    317            "GENERATE_SERIES": _build_generate_series,
    318            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH": build_json_extract_path(exp.JSONExtract),
    319            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT": build_json_extract_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
    320            "MAKE_TIME": exp.TimeFromParts.from_arg_list,
    321            "MAKE_TIMESTAMP": exp.TimestampFromParts.from_arg_list,
    322            "NOW": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
    323            "TO_CHAR": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "postgres"),
    324            "TO_TIMESTAMP": _build_to_timestamp,
    325            "UNNEST": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
    326        }
    327
    328        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    329            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    330            "DATE_PART": lambda self: self._parse_date_part(),
    331        }
    332
    333        BITWISE = {
    334            **parser.Parser.BITWISE,
    335            TokenType.HASH: exp.BitwiseXor,
    336        }
    337
    338        EXPONENT = {
    339            TokenType.CARET: exp.Pow,
    340        }
    341
    342        RANGE_PARSERS = {
    343            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
    344            TokenType.AT_GT: binary_range_parser(exp.ArrayContains),
    345            TokenType.DAMP: binary_range_parser(exp.ArrayOverlaps),
    346            TokenType.DAT: lambda self, this: self.expression(
    347                exp.MatchAgainst, this=self._parse_bitwise(), expressions=[this]
    348            ),
    349            TokenType.LT_AT: binary_range_parser(exp.ArrayContained),
    350            TokenType.OPERATOR: lambda self, this: self._parse_operator(this),
    351        }
    352
    353        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
    354            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
    355            TokenType.END: lambda self: self._parse_commit_or_rollback(),
    356        }
    357
    358        JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE = True
    359
    360        COLUMN_OPERATORS = {
    361            **parser.Parser.COLUMN_OPERATORS,
    362            TokenType.ARROW: lambda self, this, path: build_json_extract_path(
    363                exp.JSONExtract, arrow_req_json_type=self.JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
    364            )([this, path]),
    365            TokenType.DARROW: lambda self, this, path: build_json_extract_path(
    366                exp.JSONExtractScalar, arrow_req_json_type=self.JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
    367            )([this, path]),
    368        }
    369
    370        def _parse_operator(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    371            while True:
    372                if not self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    373                    break
    374
    375                op = ""
    376                while self._curr and not self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN):
    377                    op += self._curr.text
    378                    self._advance()
    379
    380                this = self.expression(
    381                    exp.Operator,
    382                    comments=self._prev_comments,
    383                    this=this,
    384                    operator=op,
    385                    expression=self._parse_bitwise(),
    386                )
    387
    388                if not self._match(TokenType.OPERATOR):
    389                    break
    390
    391            return this
    392
    393        def _parse_date_part(self) -> exp.Expression:
    394            part = self._parse_type()
    395            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    396            value = self._parse_bitwise()
    397
    398            if part and part.is_string:
    399                part = exp.var(part.name)
    400
    401            return self.expression(exp.Extract, this=part, expression=value)
    402
    403    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    404        SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = True
    405        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
    406        LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = True
    407        JOIN_HINTS = False
    408        TABLE_HINTS = False
    409        QUERY_HINTS = False
    410        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
    411        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
    412        TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS = False
    413        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
    414        SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = True
    415        JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION = True
    416        SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES = True
    417        LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA = True
    418        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
    419        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
    420
    421        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
    422            exp.JSONPathKey,
    423            exp.JSONPathRoot,
    424            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
    425        }
    426
    427        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    428            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
    429            exp.DataType.Type.TINYINT: "SMALLINT",
    430            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
    431            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "DOUBLE PRECISION",
    432            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BYTEA",
    433            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BYTEA",
    434            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "TIMESTAMP",
    435        }
    436
    437        TRANSFORMS = {
    438            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
    439            exp.AnyValue: any_value_to_max_sql,
    440            exp.Array: lambda self, e: (
    441                f"{self.normalize_func('ARRAY')}({self.sql(e.expressions[0])})"
    442                if isinstance(seq_get(e.expressions, 0), exp.Select)
    443                else f"{self.normalize_func('ARRAY')}[{self.expressions(e, flat=True)}]"
    444            ),
    445            exp.ArrayConcat: rename_func("ARRAY_CAT"),
    446            exp.ArrayContained: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "<@"),
    447            exp.ArrayContains: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "@>"),
    448            exp.ArrayOverlaps: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "&&"),
    449            exp.ArrayFilter: filter_array_using_unnest,
    450            exp.ArraySize: lambda self, e: self.func("ARRAY_LENGTH", e.this, e.expression or "1"),
    451            exp.BitwiseXor: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "#"),
    452            exp.ColumnDef: transforms.preprocess([_auto_increment_to_serial, _serial_to_generated]),
    453            exp.CurrentDate: no_paren_current_date_sql,
    454            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
    455            exp.CurrentUser: lambda *_: "CURRENT_USER",
    456            exp.DateAdd: _date_add_sql("+"),
    457            exp.DateDiff: _date_diff_sql,
    458            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
    459            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
    460            exp.DateSub: _date_add_sql("-"),
    461            exp.Explode: rename_func("UNNEST"),
    462            exp.GroupConcat: _string_agg_sql,
    463            exp.JSONExtract: _json_extract_sql("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH", "->"),
    464            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _json_extract_sql("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT", "->>"),
    465            exp.JSONBExtract: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "#>"),
    466            exp.JSONBExtractScalar: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "#>>"),
    467            exp.JSONBContains: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "?"),
    468            exp.ParseJSON: lambda self, e: self.sql(exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.JSON)),
    469            exp.JSONPathKey: json_path_key_only_name,
    470            exp.JSONPathRoot: lambda *_: "",
    471            exp.JSONPathSubscript: lambda self, e: self.json_path_part(e.this),
    472            exp.LastDay: no_last_day_sql,
    473            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
    474            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
    475            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
    476            exp.MapFromEntries: no_map_from_entries_sql,
    477            exp.Min: min_or_least,
    478            exp.Merge: merge_without_target_sql,
    479            exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self, e: f"PARTITION BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
    480            exp.PercentileCont: transforms.preprocess(
    481                [transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]
    482            ),
    483            exp.PercentileDisc: transforms.preprocess(
    484                [transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]
    485            ),
    486            exp.Pivot: no_pivot_sql,
    487            exp.Pow: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "^"),
    488            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
    489            exp.RegexpLike: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "~"),
    490            exp.RegexpILike: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "~*"),
    491            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
    492                [
    493                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
    494                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
    495                ]
    496            ),
    497            exp.StrPosition: str_position_sql,
    498            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_DATE", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
    499            exp.StrToTime: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
    500            exp.StructExtract: struct_extract_sql,
    501            exp.Substring: _substring_sql,
    502            exp.TimeFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_TIME"),
    503            exp.TimestampFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP"),
    504            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql,
    505            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
    506            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_CHAR", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
    507            exp.ToChar: lambda self, e: self.function_fallback_sql(e),
    508            exp.Trim: trim_sql,
    509            exp.TryCast: no_trycast_sql,
    510            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _date_add_sql("+"),
    511            exp.TsOrDsDiff: _date_diff_sql,
    512            exp.UnixToTime: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this),
    513            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
    514            exp.Variance: rename_func("VAR_SAMP"),
    515            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
    516        }
    517
    518        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
    519            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
    520            exp.PartitionedByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA,
    521            exp.TransientProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
    522            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
    523        }
    524
    525        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    526            if len(expression.expressions) == 1:
    527                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    528
    529                this = annotate_types(expression.expressions[0])
    530                if this.is_type("array<json>"):
    531                    while isinstance(this, exp.Cast):
    532                        this = this.this
    533
    534                    arg = self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.JSON))
    535                    alias = self.sql(expression, "alias")
    536                    alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else ""
    537
    538                    if expression.args.get("offset"):
    539                        self.unsupported("Unsupported JSON_ARRAY_ELEMENTS with offset")
    540
    541                    return f"JSON_ARRAY_ELEMENTS({arg}){alias}"
    542
    543            return super().unnest_sql(expression)
    544
    545        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    546            """Forms like ARRAY[1, 2, 3][3] aren't allowed; we need to wrap the ARRAY."""
    547            if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Array):
    548                expression.set("this", exp.paren(expression.this, copy=False))
    549
    550            return super().bracket_sql(expression)
    551
    552        def matchagainst_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchAgainst) -> str:
    553            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    554            expressions = [f"{self.sql(e)} @@ {this}" for e in expression.expressions]
    555            sql = " OR ".join(expressions)
    556            return f"({sql})" if len(expressions) > 1 else sql

DATE_DIFF_FACTOR = {'MICROSECOND': ' * 1000000', 'MILLISECOND': ' * 1000', 'SECOND': '', 'MINUTE': ' / 60', 'HOUR': ' / 3600', 'DAY': ' / 86400'}
class Postgres(sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect): View Source

    208class Postgres(Dialect):
    209    INDEX_OFFSET = 1
    210    TYPED_DIVISION = True
    211    CONCAT_COALESCE = True
    212    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_large"
    213    TIME_FORMAT = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'"
    214
    215    TIME_MAPPING = {
    216        "AM": "%p",
    217        "PM": "%p",
    218        "D": "%u",  # 1-based day of week
    219        "DD": "%d",  # day of month
    220        "DDD": "%j",  # zero padded day of year
    221        "FMDD": "%-d",  # - is no leading zero for Python; same for FM in postgres
    222        "FMDDD": "%-j",  # day of year
    223        "FMHH12": "%-I",  # 9
    224        "FMHH24": "%-H",  # 9
    225        "FMMI": "%-M",  # Minute
    226        "FMMM": "%-m",  # 1
    227        "FMSS": "%-S",  # Second
    228        "HH12": "%I",  # 09
    229        "HH24": "%H",  # 09
    230        "MI": "%M",  # zero padded minute
    231        "MM": "%m",  # 01
    232        "OF": "%z",  # utc offset
    233        "SS": "%S",  # zero padded second
    234        "TMDay": "%A",  # TM is locale dependent
    235        "TMDy": "%a",
    236        "TMMon": "%b",  # Sep
    237        "TMMonth": "%B",  # September
    238        "TZ": "%Z",  # uppercase timezone name
    239        "US": "%f",  # zero padded microsecond
    240        "WW": "%U",  # 1-based week of year
    241        "YY": "%y",  # 15
    242        "YYYY": "%Y",  # 2015
    243    }
    244
    245    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    246        BIT_STRINGS = [("b'", "'"), ("B'", "'")]
    247        HEX_STRINGS = [("x'", "'"), ("X'", "'")]
    248        BYTE_STRINGS = [("e'", "'"), ("E'", "'")]
    249        HEREDOC_STRINGS = ["$"]
    250
    251        HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
    252        HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = TokenType.PARAMETER
    253
    254        KEYWORDS = {
    255            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    256            "~~": TokenType.LIKE,
    257            "~~*": TokenType.ILIKE,
    258            "~*": TokenType.IRLIKE,
    259            "~": TokenType.RLIKE,
    260            "@@": TokenType.DAT,
    261            "@>": TokenType.AT_GT,
    262            "<@": TokenType.LT_AT,
    263            "|/": TokenType.PIPE_SLASH,
    264            "||/": TokenType.DPIPE_SLASH,
    265            "BEGIN": TokenType.COMMAND,
    266            "BEGIN TRANSACTION": TokenType.BEGIN,
    267            "BIGSERIAL": TokenType.BIGSERIAL,
    268            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
    269            "CONSTRAINT TRIGGER": TokenType.COMMAND,
    270            "DECLARE": TokenType.COMMAND,
    271            "DO": TokenType.COMMAND,
    272            "EXEC": TokenType.COMMAND,
    273            "HSTORE": TokenType.HSTORE,
    274            "JSONB": TokenType.JSONB,
    275            "MONEY": TokenType.MONEY,
    276            "REFRESH": TokenType.COMMAND,
    277            "REINDEX": TokenType.COMMAND,
    278            "RESET": TokenType.COMMAND,
    279            "REVOKE": TokenType.COMMAND,
    280            "SERIAL": TokenType.SERIAL,
    281            "SMALLSERIAL": TokenType.SMALLSERIAL,
    282            "NAME": TokenType.NAME,
    283            "TEMP": TokenType.TEMPORARY,
    284            "CSTRING": TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE,
    285            "OID": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    286            "ONLY": TokenType.ONLY,
    287            "OPERATOR": TokenType.OPERATOR,
    288            "REGCLASS": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    289            "REGCOLLATION": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    290            "REGCONFIG": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    291            "REGDICTIONARY": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    292            "REGNAMESPACE": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    293            "REGOPER": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    294            "REGOPERATOR": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    295            "REGPROC": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    296            "REGPROCEDURE": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    297            "REGROLE": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    298            "REGTYPE": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    299        }
    300
    301        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
    302            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
    303            "$": TokenType.HEREDOC_STRING,
    304        }
    305
    306        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"$"}
    307
    308    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    309        PROPERTY_PARSERS = {
    310            **parser.Parser.PROPERTY_PARSERS,
    311            "SET": lambda self: self.expression(exp.SetConfigProperty, this=self._parse_set()),
    312        }
    313        PROPERTY_PARSERS.pop("INPUT")
    314
    315        FUNCTIONS = {
    316            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    317            "DATE_TRUNC": build_timestamp_trunc,
    318            "GENERATE_SERIES": _build_generate_series,
    319            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH": build_json_extract_path(exp.JSONExtract),
    320            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT": build_json_extract_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
    321            "MAKE_TIME": exp.TimeFromParts.from_arg_list,
    322            "MAKE_TIMESTAMP": exp.TimestampFromParts.from_arg_list,
    323            "NOW": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
    324            "TO_CHAR": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "postgres"),
    325            "TO_TIMESTAMP": _build_to_timestamp,
    326            "UNNEST": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
    327        }
    328
    329        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    330            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    331            "DATE_PART": lambda self: self._parse_date_part(),
    332        }
    333
    334        BITWISE = {
    335            **parser.Parser.BITWISE,
    336            TokenType.HASH: exp.BitwiseXor,
    337        }
    338
    339        EXPONENT = {
    340            TokenType.CARET: exp.Pow,
    341        }
    342
    343        RANGE_PARSERS = {
    344            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
    345            TokenType.AT_GT: binary_range_parser(exp.ArrayContains),
    346            TokenType.DAMP: binary_range_parser(exp.ArrayOverlaps),
    347            TokenType.DAT: lambda self, this: self.expression(
    348                exp.MatchAgainst, this=self._parse_bitwise(), expressions=[this]
    349            ),
    350            TokenType.LT_AT: binary_range_parser(exp.ArrayContained),
    351            TokenType.OPERATOR: lambda self, this: self._parse_operator(this),
    352        }
    353
    354        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
    355            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
    356            TokenType.END: lambda self: self._parse_commit_or_rollback(),
    357        }
    358
    359        JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE = True
    360
    361        COLUMN_OPERATORS = {
    362            **parser.Parser.COLUMN_OPERATORS,
    363            TokenType.ARROW: lambda self, this, path: build_json_extract_path(
    364                exp.JSONExtract, arrow_req_json_type=self.JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
    365            )([this, path]),
    366            TokenType.DARROW: lambda self, this, path: build_json_extract_path(
    367                exp.JSONExtractScalar, arrow_req_json_type=self.JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
    368            )([this, path]),
    369        }
    370
    371        def _parse_operator(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    372            while True:
    373                if not self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    374                    break
    375
    376                op = ""
    377                while self._curr and not self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN):
    378                    op += self._curr.text
    379                    self._advance()
    380
    381                this = self.expression(
    382                    exp.Operator,
    383                    comments=self._prev_comments,
    384                    this=this,
    385                    operator=op,
    386                    expression=self._parse_bitwise(),
    387                )
    388
    389                if not self._match(TokenType.OPERATOR):
    390                    break
    391
    392            return this
    393
    394        def _parse_date_part(self) -> exp.Expression:
    395            part = self._parse_type()
    396            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    397            value = self._parse_bitwise()
    398
    399            if part and part.is_string:
    400                part = exp.var(part.name)
    401
    402            return self.expression(exp.Extract, this=part, expression=value)
    403
    404    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    405        SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = True
    406        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
    407        LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = True
    408        JOIN_HINTS = False
    409        TABLE_HINTS = False
    410        QUERY_HINTS = False
    411        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
    412        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
    413        TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS = False
    414        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
    415        SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = True
    416        JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION = True
    417        SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES = True
    418        LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA = True
    419        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
    420        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
    421
    422        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
    423            exp.JSONPathKey,
    424            exp.JSONPathRoot,
    425            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
    426        }
    427
    428        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    429            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
    430            exp.DataType.Type.TINYINT: "SMALLINT",
    431            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
    432            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "DOUBLE PRECISION",
    433            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BYTEA",
    434            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BYTEA",
    435            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "TIMESTAMP",
    436        }
    437
    438        TRANSFORMS = {
    439            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
    440            exp.AnyValue: any_value_to_max_sql,
    441            exp.Array: lambda self, e: (
    442                f"{self.normalize_func('ARRAY')}({self.sql(e.expressions[0])})"
    443                if isinstance(seq_get(e.expressions, 0), exp.Select)
    444                else f"{self.normalize_func('ARRAY')}[{self.expressions(e, flat=True)}]"
    445            ),
    446            exp.ArrayConcat: rename_func("ARRAY_CAT"),
    447            exp.ArrayContained: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "<@"),
    448            exp.ArrayContains: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "@>"),
    449            exp.ArrayOverlaps: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "&&"),
    450            exp.ArrayFilter: filter_array_using_unnest,
    451            exp.ArraySize: lambda self, e: self.func("ARRAY_LENGTH", e.this, e.expression or "1"),
    452            exp.BitwiseXor: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "#"),
    453            exp.ColumnDef: transforms.preprocess([_auto_increment_to_serial, _serial_to_generated]),
    454            exp.CurrentDate: no_paren_current_date_sql,
    455            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
    456            exp.CurrentUser: lambda *_: "CURRENT_USER",
    457            exp.DateAdd: _date_add_sql("+"),
    458            exp.DateDiff: _date_diff_sql,
    459            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
    460            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
    461            exp.DateSub: _date_add_sql("-"),
    462            exp.Explode: rename_func("UNNEST"),
    463            exp.GroupConcat: _string_agg_sql,
    464            exp.JSONExtract: _json_extract_sql("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH", "->"),
    465            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _json_extract_sql("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT", "->>"),
    466            exp.JSONBExtract: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "#>"),
    467            exp.JSONBExtractScalar: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "#>>"),
    468            exp.JSONBContains: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "?"),
    469            exp.ParseJSON: lambda self, e: self.sql(exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.JSON)),
    470            exp.JSONPathKey: json_path_key_only_name,
    471            exp.JSONPathRoot: lambda *_: "",
    472            exp.JSONPathSubscript: lambda self, e: self.json_path_part(e.this),
    473            exp.LastDay: no_last_day_sql,
    474            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
    475            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
    476            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
    477            exp.MapFromEntries: no_map_from_entries_sql,
    478            exp.Min: min_or_least,
    479            exp.Merge: merge_without_target_sql,
    480            exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self, e: f"PARTITION BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
    481            exp.PercentileCont: transforms.preprocess(
    482                [transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]
    483            ),
    484            exp.PercentileDisc: transforms.preprocess(
    485                [transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]
    486            ),
    487            exp.Pivot: no_pivot_sql,
    488            exp.Pow: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "^"),
    489            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
    490            exp.RegexpLike: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "~"),
    491            exp.RegexpILike: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "~*"),
    492            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
    493                [
    494                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
    495                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
    496                ]
    497            ),
    498            exp.StrPosition: str_position_sql,
    499            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_DATE", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
    500            exp.StrToTime: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
    501            exp.StructExtract: struct_extract_sql,
    502            exp.Substring: _substring_sql,
    503            exp.TimeFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_TIME"),
    504            exp.TimestampFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP"),
    505            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql,
    506            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
    507            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_CHAR", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
    508            exp.ToChar: lambda self, e: self.function_fallback_sql(e),
    509            exp.Trim: trim_sql,
    510            exp.TryCast: no_trycast_sql,
    511            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _date_add_sql("+"),
    512            exp.TsOrDsDiff: _date_diff_sql,
    513            exp.UnixToTime: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this),
    514            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
    515            exp.Variance: rename_func("VAR_SAMP"),
    516            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
    517        }
    518
    519        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
    520            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
    521            exp.PartitionedByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA,
    522            exp.TransientProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
    523            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
    524        }
    525
    526        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    527            if len(expression.expressions) == 1:
    528                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    529
    530                this = annotate_types(expression.expressions[0])
    531                if this.is_type("array<json>"):
    532                    while isinstance(this, exp.Cast):
    533                        this = this.this
    534
    535                    arg = self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.JSON))
    536                    alias = self.sql(expression, "alias")
    537                    alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else ""
    538
    539                    if expression.args.get("offset"):
    540                        self.unsupported("Unsupported JSON_ARRAY_ELEMENTS with offset")
    541
    542                    return f"JSON_ARRAY_ELEMENTS({arg}){alias}"
    543
    544            return super().unnest_sql(expression)
    545
    546        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    547            """Forms like ARRAY[1, 2, 3][3] aren't allowed; we need to wrap the ARRAY."""
    548            if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Array):
    549                expression.set("this", exp.paren(expression.this, copy=False))
    550
    551            return super().bracket_sql(expression)
    552
    553        def matchagainst_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchAgainst) -> str:
    554            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    555            expressions = [f"{self.sql(e)} @@ {this}" for e in expression.expressions]
    556            sql = " OR ".join(expressions)
    557            return f"({sql})" if len(expressions) > 1 else sql

INDEX_OFFSET = 1

The base index offset for arrays.

TYPED_DIVISION = True

Whether the behavior of `a / b` depends on the types of `a` and `b`. False means `a / b` is always float division. True means `a / b` is integer division if both `a` and `b` are integers.

CONCAT_COALESCE = True

A `NULL` arg in `CONCAT` yields `NULL` by default, but in some dialects it yields an empty string.

NULL_ORDERING = 'nulls_are_large'

Default `NULL` ordering method to use if not explicitly set. Possible values: `"nulls_are_small"`, `"nulls_are_large"`, `"nulls_are_last"`

TIME_FORMAT = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'"
TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'AM': '%p', 'PM': '%p', 'D': '%u', 'DD': '%d', 'DDD': '%j', 'FMDD': '%-d', 'FMDDD': '%-j', 'FMHH12': '%-I', 'FMHH24': '%-H', 'FMMI': '%-M', 'FMMM': '%-m', 'FMSS': '%-S', 'HH12': '%I', 'HH24': '%H', 'MI': '%M', 'MM': '%m', 'OF': '%z', 'SS': '%S', 'TMDay': '%A', 'TMDy': '%a', 'TMMon': '%b', 'TMMonth': '%B', 'TZ': '%Z', 'US': '%f', 'WW': '%U', 'YY': '%y', 'YYYY': '%Y'}

Associates this dialect's time formats with their equivalent Python `strftime` formats.

tokenizer_class = <class 'Postgres.Tokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'Postgres.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'Postgres.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'A': {'M': {0: True}}, 'P': {'M': {0: True}}, 'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True}}}, 'F': {'M': {'D': {'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True}}}, 'H': {'H': {'1': {'2': {0: True}}, '2': {'4': {0: True}}}}, 'M': {'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}}}, 'H': {'H': {'1': {'2': {0: True}}, '2': {'4': {0: True}}}}, 'M': {'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}}, 'O': {'F': {0: True}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}, 'T': {'M': {'D': {'a': {'y': {0: True}}, 'y': {0: True}}, 'M': {'o': {'n': {0: True, 't': {'h': {0: True}}}}}}, 'Z': {0: True}}, 'U': {'S': {0: True}}, 'W': {'W': {0: True}}, 'Y': {'Y': {0: True, 'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}}}}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {'A': {'M': {0: True}}, 'P': {'M': {0: True}}, 'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True}}}, 'F': {'M': {'D': {'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True}}}, 'H': {'H': {'1': {'2': {0: True}}, '2': {'4': {0: True}}}}, 'M': {'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}}}, 'H': {'H': {'1': {'2': {0: True}}, '2': {'4': {0: True}}}}, 'M': {'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}}, 'O': {'F': {0: True}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}, 'T': {'M': {'D': {'a': {'y': {0: True}}, 'y': {0: True}}, 'M': {'o': {'n': {0: True, 't': {'h': {0: True}}}}}}, 'Z': {0: True}}, 'U': {'S': {0: True}}, 'W': {'W': {0: True}}, 'Y': {'Y': {0: True, 'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}}}}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'%p': 'PM', '%u': 'D', '%d': 'DD', '%j': 'DDD', '%-d': 'FMDD', '%-j': 'FMDDD', '%-I': 'FMHH12', '%-H': 'FMHH24', '%-M': 'FMMI', '%-m': 'FMMM', '%-S': 'FMSS', '%I': 'HH12', '%H': 'HH24', '%M': 'MI', '%m': 'MM', '%z': 'OF', '%S': 'SS', '%A': 'TMDay', '%a': 'TMDy', '%b': 'TMMon', '%B': 'TMMonth', '%Z': 'TZ', '%f': 'US', '%U': 'WW', '%y': 'YY', '%Y': 'YYYY'}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'p': {0: True}, 'u': {0: True}, 'd': {0: True}, 'j': {0: True}, '-': {'d': {0: True}, 'j': {0: True}, 'I': {0: True}, 'H': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'm': {0: True}, 'S': {0: True}}, 'I': {0: True}, 'H': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'm': {0: True}, 'z': {0: True}, 'S': {0: True}, 'A': {0: True}, 'a': {0: True}, 'b': {0: True}, 'B': {0: True}, 'Z': {0: True}, 'f': {0: True}, 'U': {0: True}, 'y': {0: True}, 'Y': {0: True}}}
ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
BIT_START: Optional[str] = "b'"
BIT_END: Optional[str] = "'"
HEX_START: Optional[str] = "x'"
HEX_END: Optional[str] = "'"
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = "e'"
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = "'"
UNICODE_START: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_END: Optional[str] = None

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect
  Dialect
  WEEK_OFFSET
  UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY
  ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE
  TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT
  NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY
  IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT
  DPIPE_IS_STRING_CONCAT
  STRICT_STRING_CONCAT
  SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES
  SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN
  NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS
  LOG_BASE_FIRST
  SAFE_DIVISION
  DATE_FORMAT
  DATEINT_FORMAT
  FORMAT_MAPPING
  UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES
  PSEUDOCOLUMNS
  PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN
  get_or_raise
  format_time
  normalize_identifier
  case_sensitive
  can_identify
  quote_identifier
  to_json_path
  parse
  parse_into
  generate
  transpile
  tokenize
  tokenizer
  parser
  generator

class Postgres.Tokenizer(sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer): View Source

    245    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    246        BIT_STRINGS = [("b'", "'"), ("B'", "'")]
    247        HEX_STRINGS = [("x'", "'"), ("X'", "'")]
    248        BYTE_STRINGS = [("e'", "'"), ("E'", "'")]
    249        HEREDOC_STRINGS = ["$"]
    250
    251        HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
    252        HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = TokenType.PARAMETER
    253
    254        KEYWORDS = {
    255            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    256            "~~": TokenType.LIKE,
    257            "~~*": TokenType.ILIKE,
    258            "~*": TokenType.IRLIKE,
    259            "~": TokenType.RLIKE,
    260            "@@": TokenType.DAT,
    261            "@>": TokenType.AT_GT,
    262            "<@": TokenType.LT_AT,
    263            "|/": TokenType.PIPE_SLASH,
    264            "||/": TokenType.DPIPE_SLASH,
    265            "BEGIN": TokenType.COMMAND,
    266            "BEGIN TRANSACTION": TokenType.BEGIN,
    267            "BIGSERIAL": TokenType.BIGSERIAL,
    268            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
    269            "CONSTRAINT TRIGGER": TokenType.COMMAND,
    270            "DECLARE": TokenType.COMMAND,
    271            "DO": TokenType.COMMAND,
    272            "EXEC": TokenType.COMMAND,
    273            "HSTORE": TokenType.HSTORE,
    274            "JSONB": TokenType.JSONB,
    275            "MONEY": TokenType.MONEY,
    276            "REFRESH": TokenType.COMMAND,
    277            "REINDEX": TokenType.COMMAND,
    278            "RESET": TokenType.COMMAND,
    279            "REVOKE": TokenType.COMMAND,
    280            "SERIAL": TokenType.SERIAL,
    281            "SMALLSERIAL": TokenType.SMALLSERIAL,
    282            "NAME": TokenType.NAME,
    283            "TEMP": TokenType.TEMPORARY,
    284            "CSTRING": TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE,
    285            "OID": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    286            "ONLY": TokenType.ONLY,
    287            "OPERATOR": TokenType.OPERATOR,
    288            "REGCLASS": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    289            "REGCOLLATION": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    290            "REGCONFIG": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    291            "REGDICTIONARY": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    292            "REGNAMESPACE": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    293            "REGOPER": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    294            "REGOPERATOR": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    295            "REGPROC": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    296            "REGPROCEDURE": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    297            "REGROLE": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    298            "REGTYPE": TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER,
    299        }
    300
    301        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
    302            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
    303            "$": TokenType.HEREDOC_STRING,
    304        }
    305
    306        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"$"}

BIT_STRINGS = [("b'", "'"), ("B'", "'")]
HEX_STRINGS = [("x'", "'"), ("X'", "'")]
BYTE_STRINGS = [("e'", "'"), ("E'", "'")]
HEREDOC_STRINGS = ['$']
HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>
KEYWORDS = {'{%': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '+%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '{{+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{{-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '+}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '/*+': <TokenType.HINT: 'HINT'>, '==': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '::': <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>, '||': <TokenType.DPIPE: 'DPIPE'>, '>=': <TokenType.GTE: 'GTE'>, '<=': <TokenType.LTE: 'LTE'>, '<>': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, '!=': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, ':=': <TokenType.COLON_EQ: 'COLON_EQ'>, '<=>': <TokenType.NULLSAFE_EQ: 'NULLSAFE_EQ'>, '->': <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>, '->>': <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>, '=>': <TokenType.FARROW: 'FARROW'>, '#>': <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>, '#>>': <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>, '<->': <TokenType.LR_ARROW: 'LR_ARROW'>, '&&': <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>, '??': <TokenType.DQMARK: 'DQMARK'>, 'ALL': <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, 'ALWAYS': <TokenType.ALWAYS: 'ALWAYS'>, 'AND': <TokenType.AND: 'AND'>, 'ANTI': <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, 'ANY': <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, 'ASC': <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, 'AS': <TokenType.ALIAS: 'ALIAS'>, 'ASOF': <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, 'AUTOINCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'BEGIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'BETWEEN': <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>, 'CACHE': <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, 'UNCACHE': <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>, 'CASE': <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, 'CHARACTER SET': <TokenType.CHARACTER_SET: 'CHARACTER_SET'>, 'CLUSTER BY': <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>, 'COLLATE': <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, 'COLUMN': <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, 'COMMIT': <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, 'CONNECT BY': <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>, 'CONSTRAINT': <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, 'CREATE': <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>, 'CROSS': <TokenType.CROSS: 'CROSS'>, 'CUBE': <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, 'CURRENT_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'DATABASE': <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, 'DEFAULT': <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, 'DELETE': <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, 'DESC': <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, 'DESCRIBE': <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, 'DISTINCT': <TokenType.DISTINCT: 'DISTINCT'>, 'DISTRIBUTE BY': <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>, 'DIV': <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, 'DROP': <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>, 'ELSE': <TokenType.ELSE: 'ELSE'>, 'END': <TokenType.END: 'END'>, 'ENUM': <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, 'ESCAPE': <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, 'EXCEPT': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'EXECUTE': <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, 'EXISTS': <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, 'FALSE': <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, 'FETCH': <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, 'FILTER': <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, 'FIRST': <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, 'FULL': <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, 'FUNCTION': <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, 'FOR': <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, 'FORMAT': <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, 'FROM': <TokenType.FROM: 'FROM'>, 'GEOGRAPHY': <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, 'GEOMETRY': <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, 'GLOB': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, 'GROUP BY': <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>, 'GROUPING SETS': <TokenType.GROUPING_SETS: 'GROUPING_SETS'>, 'HAVING': <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>, 'ILIKE': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, 'IN': <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>, 'INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'INET': <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, 'INNER': <TokenType.INNER: 'INNER'>, 'INSERT': <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>, 'INTERVAL': <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, 'INTERSECT': <TokenType.INTERSECT: 'INTERSECT'>, 'INTO': <TokenType.INTO: 'INTO'>, 'IS': <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, 'ISNULL': <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, 'JOIN': <TokenType.JOIN: 'JOIN'>, 'KEEP': <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, 'KILL': <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, 'LATERAL': <TokenType.LATERAL: 'LATERAL'>, 'LEFT': <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, 'LIKE': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, 'LIMIT': <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, 'LOAD': <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, 'LOCK': <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>, 'MERGE': <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, 'NATURAL': <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, 'NEXT': <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, 'NOT': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, 'NOTNULL': <TokenType.NOTNULL: 'NOTNULL'>, 'NULL': <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, 'OBJECT': <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, 'OFFSET': <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, 'ON': <TokenType.ON: 'ON'>, 'OR': <TokenType.OR: 'OR'>, 'XOR': <TokenType.XOR: 'XOR'>, 'ORDER BY': <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>, 'ORDINALITY': <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, 'OUTER': <TokenType.OUTER: 'OUTER'>, 'OVER': <TokenType.OVER: 'OVER'>, 'OVERLAPS': <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, 'OVERWRITE': <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, 'PARTITION': <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, 'PARTITION BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PERCENT': <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, 'PIVOT': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'PRAGMA': <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY: 'PRIMARY_KEY'>, 'PROCEDURE': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'QUALIFY': <TokenType.QUALIFY: 'QUALIFY'>, 'RANGE': <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, 'RECURSIVE': <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, 'REGEXP': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'REPLACE': <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, 'RETURNING': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'REFERENCES': <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, 'RIGHT': <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, 'RLIKE': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'ROLLBACK': <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>, 'ROLLUP': <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, 'ROW': <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, 'ROWS': <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, 'SCHEMA': <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, 'SELECT': <TokenType.SELECT: 'SELECT'>, 'SEMI': <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, 'SET': <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, 'SETTINGS': <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, 'SHOW': <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, 'SIMILAR TO': <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>, 'SOME': <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, 'SORT BY': <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>, 'START WITH': <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>, 'TABLE': <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, 'TABLESAMPLE': <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>, 'TEMP': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'TEMPORARY': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'THEN': <TokenType.THEN: 'THEN'>, 'TRUE': <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, 'TRUNCATE': <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, 'UNION': <TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>, 'UNKNOWN': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, 'UNNEST': <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, 'UNPIVOT': <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, 'UPDATE': <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, 'USE': <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, 'USING': <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>, 'UUID': <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, 'VALUES': <TokenType.VALUES: 'VALUES'>, 'VIEW': <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, 'VOLATILE': <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, 'WHEN': <TokenType.WHEN: 'WHEN'>, 'WHERE': <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>, 'WINDOW': <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, 'WITH': <TokenType.WITH: 'WITH'>, 'APPLY': <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, 'ARRAY': <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, 'BIT': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'BOOL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BOOLEAN': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BYTE': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'MEDIUMINT': <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, 'INT1': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'TINYINT': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'INT16': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SHORT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SMALLINT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INT128': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'HUGEINT': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'INT2': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INTEGER': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT4': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT32': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT64': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'LONG': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'BIGINT': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT8': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'UINT': <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, 'DEC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'BIGDECIMAL': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'BIGNUMERIC': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'MAP': <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, 'NULLABLE': <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, 'NUMBER': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'NUMERIC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'FIXED': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'REAL': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT4': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT8': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE PRECISION': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'JSON': <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, 'CHAR': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'CHARACTER': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'NCHAR': <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR2': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR2': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'BPCHAR': <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, 'STR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STRING': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'TEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGTEXT': <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, 'MEDIUMTEXT': <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, 'TINYTEXT': <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, 'CLOB': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGVARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'BINARY': <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, 'BLOB': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'LONGBLOB': <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, 'MEDIUMBLOB': <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, 'TINYBLOB': <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, 'BYTEA': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'VARBINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'TIME': <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, 'TIMETZ': <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, 'TIMESTAMPTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPLTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'DATE': <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, 'DATETIME': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'INT4RANGE': <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, 'INT4MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, 'INT8RANGE': <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, 'INT8MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, 'NUMRANGE': <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, 'NUMMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSRANGE': <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, 'TSMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSTZRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, 'TSTZMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, 'DATERANGE': <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, 'DATEMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, 'UNIQUE': <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, 'STRUCT': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, 'SEQUENCE': <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, 'VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'ALTER': <TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>, 'ANALYZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'CALL': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'COMMENT': <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, 'COPY': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'EXPLAIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'GRANT': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'OPTIMIZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PREPARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VACUUM': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'USER-DEFINED': <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, 'FOR VERSION': <TokenType.VERSION_SNAPSHOT: 'VERSION_SNAPSHOT'>, 'FOR TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, '~~': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, '~~*': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, '~*': <TokenType.IRLIKE: 'IRLIKE'>, '~': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, '@@': <TokenType.DAT: 'DAT'>, '@>': <TokenType.AT_GT: 'AT_GT'>, '<@': <TokenType.LT_AT: 'LT_AT'>, '|/': <TokenType.PIPE_SLASH: 'PIPE_SLASH'>, '||/': <TokenType.DPIPE_SLASH: 'DPIPE_SLASH'>, 'BEGIN TRANSACTION': <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, 'BIGSERIAL': <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, 'CHARACTER VARYING': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'CONSTRAINT TRIGGER': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'DECLARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'DO': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'EXEC': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'HSTORE': <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, 'JSONB': <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, 'MONEY': <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, 'REFRESH': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'REINDEX': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'RESET': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'REVOKE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'SERIAL': <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, 'SMALLSERIAL': <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, 'NAME': <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, 'CSTRING': <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, 'OID': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'ONLY': <TokenType.ONLY: 'ONLY'>, 'OPERATOR': <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, 'REGCLASS': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGCOLLATION': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGCONFIG': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGDICTIONARY': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGNAMESPACE': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGOPER': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGOPERATOR': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGPROC': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGPROCEDURE': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGROLE': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGTYPE': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>}
SINGLE_TOKENS = {'(': <TokenType.L_PAREN: 'L_PAREN'>, ')': <TokenType.R_PAREN: 'R_PAREN'>, '[': <TokenType.L_BRACKET: 'L_BRACKET'>, ']': <TokenType.R_BRACKET: 'R_BRACKET'>, '{': <TokenType.L_BRACE: 'L_BRACE'>, '}': <TokenType.R_BRACE: 'R_BRACE'>, '&': <TokenType.AMP: 'AMP'>, '^': <TokenType.CARET: 'CARET'>, ':': <TokenType.COLON: 'COLON'>, ',': <TokenType.COMMA: 'COMMA'>, '.': <TokenType.DOT: 'DOT'>, '-': <TokenType.DASH: 'DASH'>, '=': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '>': <TokenType.GT: 'GT'>, '<': <TokenType.LT: 'LT'>, '%': <TokenType.MOD: 'MOD'>, '!': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, '|': <TokenType.PIPE: 'PIPE'>, '+': <TokenType.PLUS: 'PLUS'>, ';': <TokenType.SEMICOLON: 'SEMICOLON'>, '/': <TokenType.SLASH: 'SLASH'>, '\\': <TokenType.BACKSLASH: 'BACKSLASH'>, '*': <TokenType.STAR: 'STAR'>, '~': <TokenType.TILDA: 'TILDA'>, '?': <TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: 'PLACEHOLDER'>, '@': <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>, "'": <TokenType.QUOTE: 'QUOTE'>, '`': <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, '"': <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, '#': <TokenType.HASH: 'HASH'>, '$': <TokenType.HEREDOC_STRING: 'HEREDOC_STRING'>}
VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {'$'}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer
  Tokenizer
  RAW_STRINGS
  UNICODE_STRINGS
  IDENTIFIERS
  IDENTIFIER_ESCAPES
  QUOTES
  STRING_ESCAPES
  WHITE_SPACE
  COMMANDS
  COMMAND_PREFIX_TOKENS
  NUMERIC_LITERALS
  COMMENTS
  dialect
  reset
  tokenize
  tokenize_rs
  size
  sql
  tokens

class Postgres.Parser(sqlglot.parser.Parser): View Source

    308    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    309        PROPERTY_PARSERS = {
    310            **parser.Parser.PROPERTY_PARSERS,
    311            "SET": lambda self: self.expression(exp.SetConfigProperty, this=self._parse_set()),
    312        }
    313        PROPERTY_PARSERS.pop("INPUT")
    314
    315        FUNCTIONS = {
    316            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    317            "DATE_TRUNC": build_timestamp_trunc,
    318            "GENERATE_SERIES": _build_generate_series,
    319            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH": build_json_extract_path(exp.JSONExtract),
    320            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT": build_json_extract_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
    321            "MAKE_TIME": exp.TimeFromParts.from_arg_list,
    322            "MAKE_TIMESTAMP": exp.TimestampFromParts.from_arg_list,
    323            "NOW": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
    324            "TO_CHAR": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "postgres"),
    325            "TO_TIMESTAMP": _build_to_timestamp,
    326            "UNNEST": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
    327        }
    328
    329        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    330            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    331            "DATE_PART": lambda self: self._parse_date_part(),
    332        }
    333
    334        BITWISE = {
    335            **parser.Parser.BITWISE,
    336            TokenType.HASH: exp.BitwiseXor,
    337        }
    338
    339        EXPONENT = {
    340            TokenType.CARET: exp.Pow,
    341        }
    342
    343        RANGE_PARSERS = {
    344            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
    345            TokenType.AT_GT: binary_range_parser(exp.ArrayContains),
    346            TokenType.DAMP: binary_range_parser(exp.ArrayOverlaps),
    347            TokenType.DAT: lambda self, this: self.expression(
    348                exp.MatchAgainst, this=self._parse_bitwise(), expressions=[this]
    349            ),
    350            TokenType.LT_AT: binary_range_parser(exp.ArrayContained),
    351            TokenType.OPERATOR: lambda self, this: self._parse_operator(this),
    352        }
    353
    354        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
    355            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
    356            TokenType.END: lambda self: self._parse_commit_or_rollback(),
    357        }
    358
    359        JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE = True
    360
    361        COLUMN_OPERATORS = {
    362            **parser.Parser.COLUMN_OPERATORS,
    363            TokenType.ARROW: lambda self, this, path: build_json_extract_path(
    364                exp.JSONExtract, arrow_req_json_type=self.JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
    365            )([this, path]),
    366            TokenType.DARROW: lambda self, this, path: build_json_extract_path(
    367                exp.JSONExtractScalar, arrow_req_json_type=self.JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
    368            )([this, path]),
    369        }
    370
    371        def _parse_operator(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    372            while True:
    373                if not self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN):
    374                    break
    375
    376                op = ""
    377                while self._curr and not self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN):
    378                    op += self._curr.text
    379                    self._advance()
    380
    381                this = self.expression(
    382                    exp.Operator,
    383                    comments=self._prev_comments,
    384                    this=this,
    385                    operator=op,
    386                    expression=self._parse_bitwise(),
    387                )
    388
    389                if not self._match(TokenType.OPERATOR):
    390                    break
    391
    392            return this
    393
    394        def _parse_date_part(self) -> exp.Expression:
    395            part = self._parse_type()
    396            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    397            value = self._parse_bitwise()
    398
    399            if part and part.is_string:
    400                part = exp.var(part.name)
    401
    402            return self.expression(exp.Extract, this=part, expression=value)

Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the Tokenizer and produces a parsed syntax tree.

###### Arguments:

- error_level: The desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
- error_message_context: The amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 100
- max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3

PROPERTY_PARSERS = {'ALGORITHM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'AUTO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'BACKUP': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'BLOCKCOMPRESSION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHARSET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHARACTER SET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHECKSUM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CLUSTER BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CLUSTERED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COLLATE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COMMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONTAINS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COPY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATABLOCKSIZE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DEFINER': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DETERMINISTIC': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DISTKEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DISTSTYLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ENGINE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXECUTE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXTERNAL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FALLBACK': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FORMAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FREESPACE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GLOBAL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'HEAP': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ICEBERG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'IMMUTABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'INHERITS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JOURNAL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LANGUAGE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LAYOUT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LIFETIME': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LIKE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOCATION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOCK': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOCKING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MATERIALIZED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MERGEBLOCKRATIO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MODIFIES': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MULTISET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ORDER BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OUTPUT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITION BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RANGE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'READS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'REMOTE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RETURNS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ROW': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ROW_FORMAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SAMPLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SET': <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>, 'SETTINGS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SHARING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SORTKEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SOURCE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STORED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SYSTEM_VERSIONING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TBLPROPERTIES': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TEMP': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TEMPORARY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRANSIENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRANSFORM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TTL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'USING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'UNLOGGED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'VOLATILE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'WITH': <function Parser.<lambda>>}
FUNCTIONS = {'ABS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>>, 'ADD_MONTHS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AddMonths'>>, 'ANONYMOUS_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnonymousAggFunc'>>, 'ANY_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>>, 'APPROX_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>>, 'APPROX_TOP_K': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxTopK'>>, 'ARG_MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARGMAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'MAX_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARG_MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARGMIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'MIN_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>>, 'ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAll'>>, 'ARRAY_ANY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>>, 'ARRAY_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_OVERLAPS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>>, 'ARRAY_SIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySort'>>, 'ARRAY_SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>>, 'ARRAY_TO_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_JOIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_UNION_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUnionAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_UNIQUE_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>>, 'AVG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>>, 'CASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>>, 'CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>>, 'CAST_TO_STR_TYPE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CastToStrType'>>, 'CBRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cbrt'>>, 'CEIL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CEILING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CHR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>>, 'CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>>, 'COALESCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'IFNULL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'NVL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'COLLATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>>, 'COMBINED_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedAggFunc'>>, 'COMBINED_PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedParameterizedAgg'>>, 'CONCAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONCAT_WS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONNECT_BY_ROOT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>>, 'CONVERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Convert'>>, 'CORR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Corr'>>, 'COUNT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Count'>>, 'COUNT_IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COUNTIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COVAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarPop'>>, 'COVAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarSamp'>>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>>, 'CURRENT_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'CURRENT_USER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>>, 'DATE_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>>, 'DATEDIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>>, 'DATE_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>>, 'DATE_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATE_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>>, 'DATE_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>>, 'DATE_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATE_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>>, 'DATE_TRUNC': <function build_timestamp_trunc>, 'DATETIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>>, 'DATETIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>>, 'DATETIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>>, 'DATETIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeTrunc'>>, 'DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Day'>>, 'DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAYOFMONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAY_OF_WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAY_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DAYOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DECODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Decode'>>, 'DI_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>>, 'ENCODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Encode'>>, 'EXP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exp'>>, 'EXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'EXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodeOuter'>>, 'EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>>, 'FIRST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.First'>>, 'FIRST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FirstValue'>>, 'FLATTEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Flatten'>>, 'FLOOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>>, 'FROM_BASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>>, 'FROM_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase64'>>, 'GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateDateArray'>>, 'GENERATE_SERIES': <function _build_generate_series>, 'GREATEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Greatest'>>, 'GROUP_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'HEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hex'>>, 'HLL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hll'>>, 'IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'IIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'INITCAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>>, 'IS_INF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'ISINF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'IS_NAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'ISNAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArray'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayAgg'>>, 'JSON_ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayContains'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_FORMAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObjectAgg'>>, 'J_S_O_N_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONTable'>>, 'LAG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lag'>>, 'LAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Last'>>, 'LAST_DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastValue'>>, 'LEAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lead'>>, 'LEAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Least'>>, 'LEFT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Left'>>, 'LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEVENSHTEIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>>, 'LN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>>, 'LOG': <function build_logarithm>, 'LOGICAL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOLAND_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'LOGICAL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOLOR_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'LOWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'LCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'MD5': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5'>>, 'MD5_DIGEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>>, 'MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>>, 'MAP_FROM_ENTRIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>>, 'MATCH_AGAINST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MatchAgainst'>>, 'MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>>, 'MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>>, 'MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>>, 'MONTHS_BETWEEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>>, 'NEXT_VALUE_FOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NextValueFor'>>, 'NTH_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NthValue'>>, 'NULLIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nullif'>>, 'NUMBER_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr'>>, 'NVL2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nvl2'>>, 'OPEN_J_S_O_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OpenJSON'>>, 'PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParameterizedAgg'>>, 'PARSE_JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_PARSE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'PERCENTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'PERCENTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'POSEXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Posexplode'>>, 'POSEXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PosexplodeOuter'>>, 'POWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'POW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'PREDICT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Predict'>>, 'QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>>, 'RAND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDOM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Randn'>>, 'RANGE_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RangeN'>>, 'READ_CSV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReadCSV'>>, 'REDUCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Reduce'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract'>>, 'REGEXP_I_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>>, 'REGEXP_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'REGEXP_REPLACE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpReplace'>>, 'REGEXP_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'REPEAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'RIGHT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Right'>>, 'ROUND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>>, 'ROW_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowNumber'>>, 'SHA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA1': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>>, 'SAFE_DIVIDE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>>, 'SIGN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SIGNUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SORT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'SQRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>>, 'STANDARD_HASH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StandardHash'>>, 'STAR_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>>, 'STARTS_WITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STARTSWITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STDDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDDEV_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>>, 'STDDEV_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>>, 'STR_POSITION': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>>, 'STR_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>>, 'STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>>, 'STRUCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STRUCT_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>>, 'STUFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'SUBSTRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>>, 'TIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>>, 'TIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>>, 'TIME_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIMEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>>, 'TIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>>, 'TIME_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>>, 'TIME_TO_TIME_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIME_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'TIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeTrunc'>>, 'TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>>, 'TIMESTAMPDIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>>, 'TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToArray'>>, 'TO_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase64'>>, 'TO_CHAR': <function build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_DAYS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDays'>>, 'TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>>, 'TO_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToNumber'>>, 'TRANSFORM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>>, 'TRIM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>>, 'TRY_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>>, 'TS_OR_DI_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTimestamp'>>, 'UNHEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>>, 'UNIX_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixDate'>>, 'UNIX_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>>, 'UPPER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'UCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'VAR_MAP': <function build_var_map>, 'VARIANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'VAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>>, 'WEEK_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WEEKOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WHEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.When'>>, 'X_M_L_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLTable'>>, 'XOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>>, 'YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>>, 'GLOB': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT': <function build_json_extract_path.<locals>._builder>, 'LIKE': <function build_like>, 'LOG2': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG10': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MOD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH': <function build_json_extract_path.<locals>._builder>, 'MAKE_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'MAKE_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'NOW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'TO_TIMESTAMP': <function _build_to_timestamp>, 'UNNEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>}
FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DECODE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXTRACT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECTAGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_TABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MATCH': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OPENJSON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'POSITION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PREDICT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SAFE_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRING_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SUBSTRING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATE_PART': <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>}
BITWISE = {<TokenType.AMP: 'AMP'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseAnd'>, <TokenType.CARET: 'CARET'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>, <TokenType.PIPE: 'PIPE'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseOr'>, <TokenType.HASH: 'HASH'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>}
EXPONENT = {<TokenType.CARET: 'CARET'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>}
RANGE_PARSERS = {<TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.IRLIKE: 'IRLIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.AT_GT: 'AT_GT'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DAT: 'DAT'>: <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LT_AT: 'LT_AT'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>: <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>}
STATEMENT_PARSERS = {<TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>: <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>}
JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE = True
COLUMN_OPERATORS = {<TokenType.DOT: 'DOT'>: None, <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>: <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>: <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: 'PLACEHOLDER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>}
SHOW_TRIE: Dict = {}
SET_TRIE: Dict = {'GLOBAL': {0: True}, 'LOCAL': {0: True}, 'SESSION': {0: True}, 'TRANSACTION': {0: True}}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.parser.Parser
  Parser
  NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS
  STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS
  NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS
  ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS
  AGGREGATE_TYPE_TOKENS
  TYPE_TOKENS
  SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN
  SUBQUERY_PREDICATES
  RESERVED_TOKENS
  DB_CREATABLES
  CREATABLES
  ID_VAR_TOKENS
  INTERVAL_VARS
  TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  ALIAS_TOKENS
  COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  TRIM_TYPES
  FUNC_TOKENS
  CONJUNCTION
  EQUALITY
  COMPARISON
  TERM
  FACTOR
  TIMES
  TIMESTAMPS
  SET_OPERATIONS
  JOIN_METHODS
  JOIN_SIDES
  JOIN_KINDS
  JOIN_HINTS
  LAMBDAS
  EXPRESSION_PARSERS
  UNARY_PARSERS
  STRING_PARSERS
  NUMERIC_PARSERS
  PRIMARY_PARSERS
  PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS
  CONSTRAINT_PARSERS
  ALTER_PARSERS
  SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS
  NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS
  INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS
  FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS
  KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS
  QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS
  SET_PARSERS
  SHOW_PARSERS
  TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS
  DDL_SELECT_TOKENS
  PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS
  TRANSACTION_KIND
  TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS
  CONFLICT_ACTIONS
  CREATE_SEQUENCE
  ISOLATED_LOADING_OPTIONS
  USABLES
  CAST_ACTIONS
  INSERT_ALTERNATIVES
  CLONE_KEYWORDS
  HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND
  OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS
  OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
  TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS
  VIEW_ATTRIBUTES
  WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS
  WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS
  WINDOW_SIDES
  JSON_KEY_VALUE_SEPARATOR_TOKENS
  FETCH_TOKENS
  ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS
  DISTINCT_TOKENS
  NULL_TOKENS
  UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS
  SELECT_START_TOKENS
  STRICT_CAST
  PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS
  IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS
  LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN
  ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN
  TABLESAMPLE_CSV
  SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER
  TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST
  STRING_ALIASES
  MODIFIERS_ATTACHED_TO_UNION
  UNION_MODIFIERS
  NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS
  VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN
  SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST
  INTERVAL_SPANS
  error_level
  error_message_context
  max_errors
  dialect
  reset
  parse
  parse_into
  check_errors
  raise_error
  expression
  validate_expression
  errors
  sql

class Postgres.Generator(sqlglot.generator.Generator): View Source

    404    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    405        SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = True
    406        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
    407        LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = True
    408        JOIN_HINTS = False
    409        TABLE_HINTS = False
    410        QUERY_HINTS = False
    411        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
    412        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
    413        TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS = False
    414        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
    415        SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = True
    416        JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION = True
    417        SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES = True
    418        LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA = True
    419        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
    420        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
    421
    422        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
    423            exp.JSONPathKey,
    424            exp.JSONPathRoot,
    425            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
    426        }
    427
    428        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    429            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
    430            exp.DataType.Type.TINYINT: "SMALLINT",
    431            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
    432            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "DOUBLE PRECISION",
    433            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BYTEA",
    434            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BYTEA",
    435            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "TIMESTAMP",
    436        }
    437
    438        TRANSFORMS = {
    439            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
    440            exp.AnyValue: any_value_to_max_sql,
    441            exp.Array: lambda self, e: (
    442                f"{self.normalize_func('ARRAY')}({self.sql(e.expressions[0])})"
    443                if isinstance(seq_get(e.expressions, 0), exp.Select)
    444                else f"{self.normalize_func('ARRAY')}[{self.expressions(e, flat=True)}]"
    445            ),
    446            exp.ArrayConcat: rename_func("ARRAY_CAT"),
    447            exp.ArrayContained: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "<@"),
    448            exp.ArrayContains: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "@>"),
    449            exp.ArrayOverlaps: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "&&"),
    450            exp.ArrayFilter: filter_array_using_unnest,
    451            exp.ArraySize: lambda self, e: self.func("ARRAY_LENGTH", e.this, e.expression or "1"),
    452            exp.BitwiseXor: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "#"),
    453            exp.ColumnDef: transforms.preprocess([_auto_increment_to_serial, _serial_to_generated]),
    454            exp.CurrentDate: no_paren_current_date_sql,
    455            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
    456            exp.CurrentUser: lambda *_: "CURRENT_USER",
    457            exp.DateAdd: _date_add_sql("+"),
    458            exp.DateDiff: _date_diff_sql,
    459            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
    460            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
    461            exp.DateSub: _date_add_sql("-"),
    462            exp.Explode: rename_func("UNNEST"),
    463            exp.GroupConcat: _string_agg_sql,
    464            exp.JSONExtract: _json_extract_sql("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH", "->"),
    465            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _json_extract_sql("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT", "->>"),
    466            exp.JSONBExtract: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "#>"),
    467            exp.JSONBExtractScalar: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "#>>"),
    468            exp.JSONBContains: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "?"),
    469            exp.ParseJSON: lambda self, e: self.sql(exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.JSON)),
    470            exp.JSONPathKey: json_path_key_only_name,
    471            exp.JSONPathRoot: lambda *_: "",
    472            exp.JSONPathSubscript: lambda self, e: self.json_path_part(e.this),
    473            exp.LastDay: no_last_day_sql,
    474            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
    475            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
    476            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
    477            exp.MapFromEntries: no_map_from_entries_sql,
    478            exp.Min: min_or_least,
    479            exp.Merge: merge_without_target_sql,
    480            exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self, e: f"PARTITION BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
    481            exp.PercentileCont: transforms.preprocess(
    482                [transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]
    483            ),
    484            exp.PercentileDisc: transforms.preprocess(
    485                [transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]
    486            ),
    487            exp.Pivot: no_pivot_sql,
    488            exp.Pow: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "^"),
    489            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
    490            exp.RegexpLike: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "~"),
    491            exp.RegexpILike: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "~*"),
    492            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
    493                [
    494                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
    495                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
    496                ]
    497            ),
    498            exp.StrPosition: str_position_sql,
    499            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_DATE", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
    500            exp.StrToTime: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
    501            exp.StructExtract: struct_extract_sql,
    502            exp.Substring: _substring_sql,
    503            exp.TimeFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_TIME"),
    504            exp.TimestampFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP"),
    505            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql,
    506            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
    507            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_CHAR", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
    508            exp.ToChar: lambda self, e: self.function_fallback_sql(e),
    509            exp.Trim: trim_sql,
    510            exp.TryCast: no_trycast_sql,
    511            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _date_add_sql("+"),
    512            exp.TsOrDsDiff: _date_diff_sql,
    513            exp.UnixToTime: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this),
    514            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
    515            exp.Variance: rename_func("VAR_SAMP"),
    516            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
    517        }
    518
    519        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
    520            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
    521            exp.PartitionedByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA,
    522            exp.TransientProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
    523            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
    524        }
    525
    526        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    527            if len(expression.expressions) == 1:
    528                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    529
    530                this = annotate_types(expression.expressions[0])
    531                if this.is_type("array<json>"):
    532                    while isinstance(this, exp.Cast):
    533                        this = this.this
    534
    535                    arg = self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.JSON))
    536                    alias = self.sql(expression, "alias")
    537                    alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else ""
    538
    539                    if expression.args.get("offset"):
    540                        self.unsupported("Unsupported JSON_ARRAY_ELEMENTS with offset")
    541
    542                    return f"JSON_ARRAY_ELEMENTS({arg}){alias}"
    543
    544            return super().unnest_sql(expression)
    545
    546        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    547            """Forms like ARRAY[1, 2, 3][3] aren't allowed; we need to wrap the ARRAY."""
    548            if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Array):
    549                expression.set("this", exp.paren(expression.this, copy=False))
    550
    551            return super().bracket_sql(expression)
    552
    553        def matchagainst_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchAgainst) -> str:
    554            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    555            expressions = [f"{self.sql(e)} @@ {this}" for e in expression.expressions]
    556            sql = " OR ".join(expressions)
    557            return f"({sql})" if len(expressions) > 1 else sql

Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.

###### Arguments:

- pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
- identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
- normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
- pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. Default: 2.
- indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of subqueries and filters under a `WHERE` clause. Default: 2.
- normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
- unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
- max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
- leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
- max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
- comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True

SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = True
RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = True
JOIN_HINTS = False
TABLE_HINTS = False
QUERY_HINTS = False
NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
PARAMETER_TOKEN = '$'
TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS = False
TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = 'REPEATABLE'
SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = True
JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION = True
SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES = True
LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA = True
MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>}
TYPE_MAPPING = {<Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>: 'CHAR', <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>: 'VARCHAR', <Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.INET: 'INET'>: 'INET', <Type.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>: 'SMALLINT', <Type.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>: 'REAL', <Type.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>: 'DOUBLE PRECISION', <Type.BINARY: 'BINARY'>: 'BYTEA', <Type.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>: 'BYTEA', <Type.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>: 'TIMESTAMP'}
TRANSFORMS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>: <function json_path_key_only_name>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CommentColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFormatColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefaultColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExcludeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InlineLengthColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntervalSpan'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract'>: <function _json_extract_sql.<locals>._generate>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar'>: <function _json_extract_sql.<locals>._generate>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NonClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnUpdateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PathColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TitleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UppercaseColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithOperator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>: <function any_value_to_max_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContained'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>: <function filter_array_using_unnest>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ColumnDef'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>: <function no_paren_current_date_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function _date_add_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function _date_diff_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>: <function datestrtodate_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataType'>: <function _datatype_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>: <function _date_add_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>: <function _string_agg_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBContains'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>: <function no_last_day_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>: <function max_or_greatest>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>: <function no_map_from_entries_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>: <function min_or_least>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Merge'>: <function merge_without_target_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pivot'>: <function no_pivot_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Select'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>: <function str_position_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>: <function struct_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>: <function _substring_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>: <function timestamptrunc_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function timestrtotime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>: <function trim_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>: <function no_trycast_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>: <function _date_add_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>: <function _date_diff_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>: <function bool_xor_sql>}
PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.AlgorithmProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoIncrementProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BlockCompressionProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ChecksumProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cluster'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredByProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataBlocksizeProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefinerProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictRange'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistStyleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EngineProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FallbackProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FileFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FreespaceProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsolatedLoadingProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JournalProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LikeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockingProperty'>: <Location.POST_ALIAS: 'POST_ALIAS'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeBlockRatioProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Order'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedOfProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PrimaryKey'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Property'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatDelimitedProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatSerdeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SchemaCommentProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SerdeProperties'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Set'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SequenceProperties'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeTreeTTL'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithDataProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSystemVersioningProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>}
def unnest_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Unnest) -> str: View Source

    526        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    527            if len(expression.expressions) == 1:
    528                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    529
    530                this = annotate_types(expression.expressions[0])
    531                if this.is_type("array<json>"):
    532                    while isinstance(this, exp.Cast):
    533                        this = this.this
    534
    535                    arg = self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.JSON))
    536                    alias = self.sql(expression, "alias")
    537                    alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else ""
    538
    539                    if expression.args.get("offset"):
    540                        self.unsupported("Unsupported JSON_ARRAY_ELEMENTS with offset")
    541
    542                    return f"JSON_ARRAY_ELEMENTS({arg}){alias}"
    543
    544            return super().unnest_sql(expression)

def bracket_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Bracket) -> str: View Source

    546        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    547            """Forms like ARRAY[1, 2, 3][3] aren't allowed; we need to wrap the ARRAY."""
    548            if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Array):
    549                expression.set("this", exp.paren(expression.this, copy=False))
    550
    551            return super().bracket_sql(expression)

Forms like ARRAY[1, 2, 3][3] aren't allowed; we need to wrap the ARRAY.

def matchagainst_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.MatchAgainst) -> str: View Source

    553        def matchagainst_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchAgainst) -> str:
    554            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    555            expressions = [f"{self.sql(e)} @@ {this}" for e in expression.expressions]
    556            sql = " OR ".join(expressions)
    557            return f"({sql})" if len(expressions) > 1 else sql

SELECT_KINDS: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = {'qualify': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'windows': <function Generator.<lambda>>}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.generator.Generator
  Generator
  NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED
  IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC
  EXPLICIT_UNION
  WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES
  CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS
  MATCHED_BY_SOURCE
  INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM
  LIMIT_FETCH
  LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS
  GROUPINGS_SEP
  INDEX_ON
  QUERY_HINT_SEP
  IS_BOOL_ALLOWED
  DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET
  LIMIT_IS_TOP
  RETURNING_END
  COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS_SUPPORTED
  EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES
  TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE
  VALUES_AS_TABLE
  ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD
  UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY
  AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED
  SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE
  COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE
  SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY
  TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS
  TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS
  TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD
  COLLATE_IS_FUNC
  DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED
  ENSURE_BOOLS
  CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED
  SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT
  LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART
  SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS
  UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS
  JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP
  INSERT_OVERWRITE
  SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE
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