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# sqlglot.dialects.duckdb

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      1from __future__ import annotations
      2
      3import typing as t
      4
      5from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens, transforms
      6from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
      7    Dialect,
      8    NormalizationStrategy,
      9    approx_count_distinct_sql,
     10    arg_max_or_min_no_count,
     11    arrow_json_extract_sql,
     12    binary_from_function,
     13    bool_xor_sql,
     14    date_trunc_to_time,
     15    datestrtodate_sql,
     16    encode_decode_sql,
     17    build_formatted_time,
     18    inline_array_unless_query,
     19    no_comment_column_constraint_sql,
     20    no_safe_divide_sql,
     21    no_timestamp_sql,
     22    pivot_column_names,
     23    regexp_extract_sql,
     24    rename_func,
     25    str_position_sql,
     26    str_to_time_sql,
     27    timestamptrunc_sql,
     28    timestrtotime_sql,
     29    unit_to_var,
     30)
     31from sqlglot.helper import flatten, seq_get
     32from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
     33
     34
     35def _ts_or_ds_add_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.TsOrDsAdd) -> str:
     36    this = self.sql(expression, "this")
     37    interval = self.sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.expression, unit=unit_to_var(expression)))
     38    return f"CAST({this} AS {self.sql(expression.return_type)}) + {interval}"
     39
     40
     41def _date_delta_sql(
     42    self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.DateAdd | exp.DateSub | exp.TimeAdd
     43) -> str:
     44    this = self.sql(expression, "this")
     45    unit = unit_to_var(expression)
     46    op = "+" if isinstance(expression, (exp.DateAdd, exp.TimeAdd)) else "-"
     47    return f"{this} {op} {self.sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.expression, unit=unit))}"
     48
     49
     50# BigQuery -> DuckDB conversion for the DATE function
     51def _date_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.Date) -> str:
     52    result = f"CAST({self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS DATE)"
     53    zone = self.sql(expression, "zone")
     54
     55    if zone:
     56        date_str = self.func("STRFTIME", result, "'%d/%m/%Y'")
     57        date_str = f"{date_str} || ' ' || {zone}"
     58
     59        # This will create a TIMESTAMP with time zone information
     60        result = self.func("STRPTIME", date_str, "'%d/%m/%Y %Z'")
     61
     62    return result
     63
     64
     65def _array_sort_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.ArraySort) -> str:
     66    if expression.expression:
     67        self.unsupported("DuckDB ARRAY_SORT does not support a comparator")
     68    return self.func("ARRAY_SORT", expression.this)
     69
     70
     71def _sort_array_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.SortArray) -> str:
     72    name = "ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT" if expression.args.get("asc") == exp.false() else "ARRAY_SORT"
     73    return self.func(name, expression.this)
     74
     75
     76def _build_sort_array_desc(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
     77    return exp.SortArray(this=seq_get(args, 0), asc=exp.false())
     78
     79
     80def _build_date_diff(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
     81    return exp.DateDiff(this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0))
     82
     83
     84def _build_generate_series(end_exclusive: bool = False) -> t.Callable[[t.List], exp.GenerateSeries]:
     85    def _builder(args: t.List) -> exp.GenerateSeries:
     86        # Check https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/functions/nested.html#range-functions
     87        if len(args) == 1:
     88            # DuckDB uses 0 as a default for the series' start when it's omitted
     89            args.insert(0, exp.Literal.number("0"))
     90
     91        gen_series = exp.GenerateSeries.from_arg_list(args)
     92        gen_series.set("is_end_exclusive", end_exclusive)
     93
     94        return gen_series
     95
     96    return _builder
     97
     98
     99def _build_make_timestamp(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
    100    if len(args) == 1:
    101        return exp.UnixToTime(this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MICROS)
    102
    103    return exp.TimestampFromParts(
    104        year=seq_get(args, 0),
    105        month=seq_get(args, 1),
    106        day=seq_get(args, 2),
    107        hour=seq_get(args, 3),
    108        min=seq_get(args, 4),
    109        sec=seq_get(args, 5),
    110    )
    111
    112
    113def _struct_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
    114    args: t.List[str] = []
    115    for i, expr in enumerate(expression.expressions):
    116        if isinstance(expr, exp.PropertyEQ):
    117            key = expr.name
    118            value = expr.expression
    119        else:
    120            key = f"_{i}"
    121            value = expr
    122
    123        args.append(f"{self.sql(exp.Literal.string(key))}: {self.sql(value)}")
    124
    125    return f"{{{', '.join(args)}}}"
    126
    127
    128def _datatype_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
    129    if expression.is_type("array"):
    130        return f"{self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}[]"
    131
    132    # Type TIMESTAMP / TIME WITH TIME ZONE does not support any modifiers
    133    if expression.is_type("timestamptz", "timetz"):
    134        return expression.this.value
    135
    136    return self.datatype_sql(expression)
    137
    138
    139def _json_format_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.JSONFormat) -> str:
    140    sql = self.func("TO_JSON", expression.this, expression.args.get("options"))
    141    return f"CAST({sql} AS TEXT)"
    142
    143
    144def _unix_to_time_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.UnixToTime) -> str:
    145    scale = expression.args.get("scale")
    146    timestamp = expression.this
    147
    148    if scale in (None, exp.UnixToTime.SECONDS):
    149        return self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", timestamp)
    150    if scale == exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS:
    151        return self.func("EPOCH_MS", timestamp)
    152    if scale == exp.UnixToTime.MICROS:
    153        return self.func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP", timestamp)
    154
    155    return self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", exp.Div(this=timestamp, expression=exp.func("POW", 10, scale)))
    156
    157
    158def _rename_unless_within_group(
    159    a: str, b: str
    160) -> t.Callable[[DuckDB.Generator, exp.Expression], str]:
    161    return lambda self, expression: (
    162        self.func(a, *flatten(expression.args.values()))
    163        if isinstance(expression.find_ancestor(exp.Select, exp.WithinGroup), exp.WithinGroup)
    164        else self.func(b, *flatten(expression.args.values()))
    165    )
    166
    167
    168class DuckDB(Dialect):
    169    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_last"
    170    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
    171    SAFE_DIVISION = True
    172    INDEX_OFFSET = 1
    173    CONCAT_COALESCE = True
    174
    175    # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/introduction.html#creating-a-new-table
    176    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
    177
    178    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    179        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
    180            # DuckDB also supports the JSON pointer syntax, where every path starts with a `/`.
    181            # Additionally, it allows accessing the back of lists using the `[#-i]` syntax.
    182            # This check ensures we'll avoid trying to parse these as JSON paths, which can
    183            # either result in a noisy warning or in an invalid representation of the path.
    184            path_text = path.name
    185            if path_text.startswith("/") or "[#" in path_text:
    186                return path
    187
    188        return super().to_json_path(path)
    189
    190    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    191        HEREDOC_STRINGS = ["$"]
    192
    193        HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
    194        HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = TokenType.PARAMETER
    195
    196        KEYWORDS = {
    197            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    198            "//": TokenType.DIV,
    199            "ATTACH": TokenType.COMMAND,
    200            "BINARY": TokenType.VARBINARY,
    201            "BITSTRING": TokenType.BIT,
    202            "BPCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
    203            "CHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
    204            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.TEXT,
    205            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
    206            "LOGICAL": TokenType.BOOLEAN,
    207            "ONLY": TokenType.ONLY,
    208            "PIVOT_WIDER": TokenType.PIVOT,
    209            "POSITIONAL": TokenType.POSITIONAL,
    210            "SIGNED": TokenType.INT,
    211            "STRING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
    212            "UBIGINT": TokenType.UBIGINT,
    213            "UINTEGER": TokenType.UINT,
    214            "USMALLINT": TokenType.USMALLINT,
    215            "UTINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
    216            "TIMESTAMP_S": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S,
    217            "TIMESTAMP_MS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS,
    218            "TIMESTAMP_NS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS,
    219            "TIMESTAMP_US": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
    220        }
    221
    222        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
    223            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
    224            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
    225        }
    226
    227    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    228        BITWISE = {
    229            **parser.Parser.BITWISE,
    230            TokenType.TILDA: exp.RegexpLike,
    231        }
    232
    233        FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS = {*parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS, "STRUCT_PACK"}
    234
    235        FUNCTIONS = {
    236            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    237            "ARRAY_HAS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
    238            "ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
    239            "ARRAY_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
    240            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_diff,
    241            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_diff,
    242            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
    243            "DATETRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
    244            "DECODE": lambda args: exp.Decode(
    245                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
    246            ),
    247            "ENCODE": lambda args: exp.Encode(
    248                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
    249            ),
    250            "EPOCH": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
    251            "EPOCH_MS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
    252                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS
    253            ),
    254            "JSON": exp.ParseJSON.from_arg_list,
    255            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract),
    256            "JSON_EXTRACT_STRING": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
    257            "LIST_HAS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
    258            "LIST_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
    259            "LIST_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
    260            "LIST_VALUE": exp.Array.from_arg_list,
    261            "MAKE_TIME": exp.TimeFromParts.from_arg_list,
    262            "MAKE_TIMESTAMP": _build_make_timestamp,
    263            "MEDIAN": lambda args: exp.PercentileCont(
    264                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(0.5)
    265            ),
    266            "QUANTILE_CONT": exp.PercentileCont.from_arg_list,
    267            "QUANTILE_DISC": exp.PercentileDisc.from_arg_list,
    268            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": lambda args: exp.RegexpExtract(
    269                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1), group=seq_get(args, 2)
    270            ),
    271            "REGEXP_MATCHES": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
    272            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
    273                this=seq_get(args, 0),
    274                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    275                replacement=seq_get(args, 2),
    276                modifiers=seq_get(args, 3),
    277            ),
    278            "STRFTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "duckdb"),
    279            "STRING_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
    280            "STRING_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
    281            "STRING_TO_ARRAY": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
    282            "STRPTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "duckdb"),
    283            "STRUCT_PACK": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
    284            "STR_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
    285            "STR_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
    286            "TO_TIMESTAMP": exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list,
    287            "UNNEST": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
    288            "XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
    289            "GENERATE_SERIES": _build_generate_series(),
    290            "RANGE": _build_generate_series(end_exclusive=True),
    291        }
    292
    293        FUNCTION_PARSERS = parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS.copy()
    294        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("DECODE")
    295
    296        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    297            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    298            "MAP": lambda self: self._parse_map(),
    299        }
    300
    301        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {
    302            TokenType.SEMI,
    303            TokenType.ANTI,
    304        }
    305
    306        PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS = {
    307            **parser.Parser.PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS,
    308            TokenType.PARAMETER: lambda self: (
    309                self.expression(exp.Placeholder, this=self._prev.text)
    310                if self._match(TokenType.NUMBER) or self._match_set(self.ID_VAR_TOKENS)
    311                else None
    312            ),
    313        }
    314
    315        def _parse_bracket(
    316            self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
    317        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    318            bracket = super()._parse_bracket(this)
    319            if isinstance(bracket, exp.Bracket):
    320                bracket.set("returns_list_for_maps", True)
    321
    322            return bracket
    323
    324        def _parse_map(self) -> exp.ToMap | exp.Map:
    325            if self._match(TokenType.L_BRACE, advance=False):
    326                return self.expression(exp.ToMap, this=self._parse_bracket())
    327
    328            args = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_conjunction)
    329            return self.expression(exp.Map, keys=seq_get(args, 0), values=seq_get(args, 1))
    330
    331        def _parse_types(
    332            self, check_func: bool = False, schema: bool = False, allow_identifiers: bool = True
    333        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    334            this = super()._parse_types(
    335                check_func=check_func, schema=schema, allow_identifiers=allow_identifiers
    336            )
    337
    338            # DuckDB treats NUMERIC and DECIMAL without precision as DECIMAL(18, 3)
    339            # See: https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/numeric
    340            if (
    341                isinstance(this, exp.DataType)
    342                and this.is_type("numeric", "decimal")
    343                and not this.expressions
    344            ):
    345                return exp.DataType.build("DECIMAL(18, 3)")
    346
    347            return this
    348
    349        def _parse_struct_types(self, type_required: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    350            return self._parse_field_def()
    351
    352        def _pivot_column_names(self, aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> t.List[str]:
    353            if len(aggregations) == 1:
    354                return super()._pivot_column_names(aggregations)
    355            return pivot_column_names(aggregations, dialect="duckdb")
    356
    357    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    358        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
    359        NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = "$"
    360        JOIN_HINTS = False
    361        TABLE_HINTS = False
    362        QUERY_HINTS = False
    363        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
    364        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
    365        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
    366        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
    367        SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = False
    368        TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = "USING SAMPLE"
    369        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
    370        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
    371        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
    372        IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = True
    373        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
    374        SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = False
    375        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
    376        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
    377        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
    378
    379        TRANSFORMS = {
    380            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
    381            exp.ApproxDistinct: approx_count_distinct_sql,
    382            exp.Array: inline_array_unless_query,
    383            exp.ArrayFilter: rename_func("LIST_FILTER"),
    384            exp.ArraySize: rename_func("ARRAY_LENGTH"),
    385            exp.ArgMax: arg_max_or_min_no_count("ARG_MAX"),
    386            exp.ArgMin: arg_max_or_min_no_count("ARG_MIN"),
    387            exp.ArraySort: _array_sort_sql,
    388            exp.ArraySum: rename_func("LIST_SUM"),
    389            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("XOR"),
    390            exp.CommentColumnConstraint: no_comment_column_constraint_sql,
    391            exp.CurrentDate: lambda *_: "CURRENT_DATE",
    392            exp.CurrentTime: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIME",
    393            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
    394            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
    395            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
    396            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
    397            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
    398            exp.Date: _date_sql,
    399            exp.DateAdd: _date_delta_sql,
    400            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_DATE"),
    401            exp.DateSub: _date_delta_sql,
    402            exp.DateDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
    403                "DATE_DIFF", f"'{e.args.get('unit') or 'DAY'}'", e.expression, e.this
    404            ),
    405            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
    406            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
    407            e: f"CAST(STRFTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
    408            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "DECODE", replace=False),
    409            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
    410            e: f"CAST(STRPTIME(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
    411            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "ENCODE", replace=False),
    412            exp.Explode: rename_func("UNNEST"),
    413            exp.IntDiv: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "//"),
    414            exp.IsInf: rename_func("ISINF"),
    415            exp.IsNan: rename_func("ISNAN"),
    416            exp.JSONExtract: arrow_json_extract_sql,
    417            exp.JSONExtractScalar: arrow_json_extract_sql,
    418            exp.JSONFormat: _json_format_sql,
    419            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
    420            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
    421            exp.MonthsBetween: lambda self, e: self.func(
    422                "DATEDIFF",
    423                "'month'",
    424                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
    425                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
    426            ),
    427            exp.ParseJSON: rename_func("JSON"),
    428            exp.PercentileCont: _rename_unless_within_group("PERCENTILE_CONT", "QUANTILE_CONT"),
    429            exp.PercentileDisc: _rename_unless_within_group("PERCENTILE_DISC", "QUANTILE_DISC"),
    430            # DuckDB doesn't allow qualified columns inside of PIVOT expressions.
    431            # See: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/671faf92411182f81dce42ac43de8bfb05d9909e/src/planner/binder/tableref/bind_pivot.cpp#L61-L62
    432            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unqualify_columns]),
    433            exp.RegexpExtract: regexp_extract_sql,
    434            exp.RegexpReplace: lambda self, e: self.func(
    435                "REGEXP_REPLACE",
    436                e.this,
    437                e.expression,
    438                e.args.get("replacement"),
    439                e.args.get("modifiers"),
    440            ),
    441            exp.RegexpLike: rename_func("REGEXP_MATCHES"),
    442            exp.RegexpSplit: rename_func("STR_SPLIT_REGEX"),
    443            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
    444            exp.SafeDivide: no_safe_divide_sql,
    445            exp.Split: rename_func("STR_SPLIT"),
    446            exp.SortArray: _sort_array_sql,
    447            exp.StrPosition: str_position_sql,
    448            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: f"CAST({str_to_time_sql(self, e)} AS DATE)",
    449            exp.StrToTime: str_to_time_sql,
    450            exp.StrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
    451                "EPOCH", self.func("STRPTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e))
    452            ),
    453            exp.Struct: _struct_sql,
    454            exp.TimeAdd: _date_delta_sql,
    455            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
    456            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
    457                "DATE_DIFF", exp.Literal.string(e.unit), e.expression, e.this
    458            ),
    459            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql,
    460            exp.TimeStrToDate: lambda self, e: self.sql(exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE)),
    461            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
    462            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
    463                "EPOCH", exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
    464            ),
    465            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("STRFTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
    466            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("EPOCH"),
    467            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
    468            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
    469            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _ts_or_ds_add_sql,
    470            exp.TsOrDsDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
    471                "DATE_DIFF",
    472                f"'{e.args.get('unit') or 'DAY'}'",
    473                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
    474                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
    475            ),
    476            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self, e: self.func(
    477                "STRFTIME", self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this), self.format_time(e)
    478            ),
    479            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
    480            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self, e: f"CAST(TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS TEXT)",
    481            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
    482            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
    483            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
    484        }
    485
    486        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
    487            exp.JSONPathKey,
    488            exp.JSONPathRoot,
    489            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
    490            exp.JSONPathWildcard,
    491        }
    492
    493        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    494            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
    495            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BLOB",
    496            exp.DataType.Type.CHAR: "TEXT",
    497            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
    498            exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "TEXT",
    499            exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "TEXT",
    500            exp.DataType.Type.UINT: "UINTEGER",
    501            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BLOB",
    502            exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: "TEXT",
    503            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_S: "TIMESTAMP_S",
    504            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_MS: "TIMESTAMP_MS",
    505            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_NS: "TIMESTAMP_NS",
    506        }
    507
    508        STAR_MAPPING = {**generator.Generator.STAR_MAPPING, "except": "EXCLUDE"}
    509
    510        UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES = (exp.Literal, exp.Paren)
    511
    512        # DuckDB doesn't generally support CREATE TABLE .. properties
    513        # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/statements/create_table.html
    514        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
    515            prop: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED
    516            for prop in generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION
    517        }
    518
    519        # There are a few exceptions (e.g. temporary tables) which are supported or
    520        # can be transpiled to DuckDB, so we explicitly override them accordingly
    521        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.LikeProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA
    522        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.TemporaryProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE
    523
    524        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
    525            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    526            if nano is not None:
    527                expression.set(
    528                    "sec", expression.args["sec"] + nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
    529                )
    530
    531            return rename_func("MAKE_TIME")(self, expression)
    532
    533        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
    534            sec = expression.args["sec"]
    535
    536            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
    537            if milli is not None:
    538                sec += milli.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000.0)
    539
    540            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    541            if nano is not None:
    542                sec += nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
    543
    544            if milli or nano:
    545                expression.set("sec", sec)
    546
    547            return rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP")(self, expression)
    548
    549        def tablesample_sql(
    550            self,
    551            expression: exp.TableSample,
    552            sep: str = " AS ",
    553            tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None,
    554        ) -> str:
    555            if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Select):
    556                # This sample clause only applies to a single source, not the entire resulting relation
    557                tablesample_keyword = "TABLESAMPLE"
    558
    559            return super().tablesample_sql(
    560                expression, sep=sep, tablesample_keyword=tablesample_keyword
    561            )
    562
    563        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
    564            multiplier: t.Optional[int] = None
    565            unit = expression.text("unit").lower()
    566
    567            if unit.startswith("week"):
    568                multiplier = 7
    569            if unit.startswith("quarter"):
    570                multiplier = 90
    571
    572            if multiplier:
    573                return f"({multiplier} * {super().interval_sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.this, unit=exp.var('DAY')))})"
    574
    575            return super().interval_sql(expression)
    576
    577        def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
    578            if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction):
    579                return self.sql(expression, "this")
    580            return super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
    581
    582        def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str:
    583            if (
    584                expression.side == "LEFT"
    585                and not expression.args.get("on")
    586                and isinstance(expression.this, exp.Unnest)
    587            ):
    588                # Some dialects support `LEFT JOIN UNNEST(...)` without an explicit ON clause
    589                # DuckDB doesn't, but we can just add a dummy ON clause that is always true
    590                return super().join_sql(expression.on(exp.true()))
    591
    592            return super().join_sql(expression)
    593
    594        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
    595            # GENERATE_SERIES(a, b) -> [a, b], RANGE(a, b) -> [a, b)
    596            if expression.args.get("is_end_exclusive"):
    597                expression.set("is_end_exclusive", None)
    598                return rename_func("RANGE")(self, expression)
    599
    600            return super().generateseries_sql(expression)
    601
    602        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    603            this = expression.this
    604            if isinstance(this, exp.Array):
    605                this.replace(exp.paren(this))
    606
    607            bracket = super().bracket_sql(expression)
    608
    609            if not expression.args.get("returns_list_for_maps"):
    610                if not this.type:
    611                    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    612
    613                    this = annotate_types(this)
    614
    615                if this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.MAP):
    616                    bracket = f"({bracket})[1]"
    617
    618            return bracket

class DuckDB(sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect): View Source

    169class DuckDB(Dialect):
    170    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_last"
    171    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
    172    SAFE_DIVISION = True
    173    INDEX_OFFSET = 1
    174    CONCAT_COALESCE = True
    175
    176    # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/introduction.html#creating-a-new-table
    177    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
    178
    179    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    180        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
    181            # DuckDB also supports the JSON pointer syntax, where every path starts with a `/`.
    182            # Additionally, it allows accessing the back of lists using the `[#-i]` syntax.
    183            # This check ensures we'll avoid trying to parse these as JSON paths, which can
    184            # either result in a noisy warning or in an invalid representation of the path.
    185            path_text = path.name
    186            if path_text.startswith("/") or "[#" in path_text:
    187                return path
    188
    189        return super().to_json_path(path)
    190
    191    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    192        HEREDOC_STRINGS = ["$"]
    193
    194        HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
    195        HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = TokenType.PARAMETER
    196
    197        KEYWORDS = {
    198            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    199            "//": TokenType.DIV,
    200            "ATTACH": TokenType.COMMAND,
    201            "BINARY": TokenType.VARBINARY,
    202            "BITSTRING": TokenType.BIT,
    203            "BPCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
    204            "CHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
    205            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.TEXT,
    206            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
    207            "LOGICAL": TokenType.BOOLEAN,
    208            "ONLY": TokenType.ONLY,
    209            "PIVOT_WIDER": TokenType.PIVOT,
    210            "POSITIONAL": TokenType.POSITIONAL,
    211            "SIGNED": TokenType.INT,
    212            "STRING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
    213            "UBIGINT": TokenType.UBIGINT,
    214            "UINTEGER": TokenType.UINT,
    215            "USMALLINT": TokenType.USMALLINT,
    216            "UTINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
    217            "TIMESTAMP_S": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S,
    218            "TIMESTAMP_MS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS,
    219            "TIMESTAMP_NS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS,
    220            "TIMESTAMP_US": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
    221        }
    222
    223        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
    224            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
    225            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
    226        }
    227
    228    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    229        BITWISE = {
    230            **parser.Parser.BITWISE,
    231            TokenType.TILDA: exp.RegexpLike,
    232        }
    233
    234        FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS = {*parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS, "STRUCT_PACK"}
    235
    236        FUNCTIONS = {
    237            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    238            "ARRAY_HAS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
    239            "ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
    240            "ARRAY_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
    241            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_diff,
    242            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_diff,
    243            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
    244            "DATETRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
    245            "DECODE": lambda args: exp.Decode(
    246                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
    247            ),
    248            "ENCODE": lambda args: exp.Encode(
    249                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
    250            ),
    251            "EPOCH": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
    252            "EPOCH_MS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
    253                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS
    254            ),
    255            "JSON": exp.ParseJSON.from_arg_list,
    256            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract),
    257            "JSON_EXTRACT_STRING": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
    258            "LIST_HAS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
    259            "LIST_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
    260            "LIST_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
    261            "LIST_VALUE": exp.Array.from_arg_list,
    262            "MAKE_TIME": exp.TimeFromParts.from_arg_list,
    263            "MAKE_TIMESTAMP": _build_make_timestamp,
    264            "MEDIAN": lambda args: exp.PercentileCont(
    265                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(0.5)
    266            ),
    267            "QUANTILE_CONT": exp.PercentileCont.from_arg_list,
    268            "QUANTILE_DISC": exp.PercentileDisc.from_arg_list,
    269            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": lambda args: exp.RegexpExtract(
    270                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1), group=seq_get(args, 2)
    271            ),
    272            "REGEXP_MATCHES": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
    273            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
    274                this=seq_get(args, 0),
    275                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    276                replacement=seq_get(args, 2),
    277                modifiers=seq_get(args, 3),
    278            ),
    279            "STRFTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "duckdb"),
    280            "STRING_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
    281            "STRING_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
    282            "STRING_TO_ARRAY": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
    283            "STRPTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "duckdb"),
    284            "STRUCT_PACK": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
    285            "STR_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
    286            "STR_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
    287            "TO_TIMESTAMP": exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list,
    288            "UNNEST": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
    289            "XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
    290            "GENERATE_SERIES": _build_generate_series(),
    291            "RANGE": _build_generate_series(end_exclusive=True),
    292        }
    293
    294        FUNCTION_PARSERS = parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS.copy()
    295        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("DECODE")
    296
    297        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    298            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    299            "MAP": lambda self: self._parse_map(),
    300        }
    301
    302        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {
    303            TokenType.SEMI,
    304            TokenType.ANTI,
    305        }
    306
    307        PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS = {
    308            **parser.Parser.PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS,
    309            TokenType.PARAMETER: lambda self: (
    310                self.expression(exp.Placeholder, this=self._prev.text)
    311                if self._match(TokenType.NUMBER) or self._match_set(self.ID_VAR_TOKENS)
    312                else None
    313            ),
    314        }
    315
    316        def _parse_bracket(
    317            self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
    318        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    319            bracket = super()._parse_bracket(this)
    320            if isinstance(bracket, exp.Bracket):
    321                bracket.set("returns_list_for_maps", True)
    322
    323            return bracket
    324
    325        def _parse_map(self) -> exp.ToMap | exp.Map:
    326            if self._match(TokenType.L_BRACE, advance=False):
    327                return self.expression(exp.ToMap, this=self._parse_bracket())
    328
    329            args = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_conjunction)
    330            return self.expression(exp.Map, keys=seq_get(args, 0), values=seq_get(args, 1))
    331
    332        def _parse_types(
    333            self, check_func: bool = False, schema: bool = False, allow_identifiers: bool = True
    334        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    335            this = super()._parse_types(
    336                check_func=check_func, schema=schema, allow_identifiers=allow_identifiers
    337            )
    338
    339            # DuckDB treats NUMERIC and DECIMAL without precision as DECIMAL(18, 3)
    340            # See: https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/numeric
    341            if (
    342                isinstance(this, exp.DataType)
    343                and this.is_type("numeric", "decimal")
    344                and not this.expressions
    345            ):
    346                return exp.DataType.build("DECIMAL(18, 3)")
    347
    348            return this
    349
    350        def _parse_struct_types(self, type_required: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    351            return self._parse_field_def()
    352
    353        def _pivot_column_names(self, aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> t.List[str]:
    354            if len(aggregations) == 1:
    355                return super()._pivot_column_names(aggregations)
    356            return pivot_column_names(aggregations, dialect="duckdb")
    357
    358    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    359        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
    360        NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = "$"
    361        JOIN_HINTS = False
    362        TABLE_HINTS = False
    363        QUERY_HINTS = False
    364        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
    365        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
    366        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
    367        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
    368        SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = False
    369        TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = "USING SAMPLE"
    370        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
    371        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
    372        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
    373        IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = True
    374        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
    375        SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = False
    376        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
    377        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
    378        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
    379
    380        TRANSFORMS = {
    381            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
    382            exp.ApproxDistinct: approx_count_distinct_sql,
    383            exp.Array: inline_array_unless_query,
    384            exp.ArrayFilter: rename_func("LIST_FILTER"),
    385            exp.ArraySize: rename_func("ARRAY_LENGTH"),
    386            exp.ArgMax: arg_max_or_min_no_count("ARG_MAX"),
    387            exp.ArgMin: arg_max_or_min_no_count("ARG_MIN"),
    388            exp.ArraySort: _array_sort_sql,
    389            exp.ArraySum: rename_func("LIST_SUM"),
    390            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("XOR"),
    391            exp.CommentColumnConstraint: no_comment_column_constraint_sql,
    392            exp.CurrentDate: lambda *_: "CURRENT_DATE",
    393            exp.CurrentTime: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIME",
    394            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
    395            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
    396            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
    397            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
    398            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
    399            exp.Date: _date_sql,
    400            exp.DateAdd: _date_delta_sql,
    401            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_DATE"),
    402            exp.DateSub: _date_delta_sql,
    403            exp.DateDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
    404                "DATE_DIFF", f"'{e.args.get('unit') or 'DAY'}'", e.expression, e.this
    405            ),
    406            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
    407            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
    408            e: f"CAST(STRFTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
    409            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "DECODE", replace=False),
    410            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
    411            e: f"CAST(STRPTIME(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
    412            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "ENCODE", replace=False),
    413            exp.Explode: rename_func("UNNEST"),
    414            exp.IntDiv: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "//"),
    415            exp.IsInf: rename_func("ISINF"),
    416            exp.IsNan: rename_func("ISNAN"),
    417            exp.JSONExtract: arrow_json_extract_sql,
    418            exp.JSONExtractScalar: arrow_json_extract_sql,
    419            exp.JSONFormat: _json_format_sql,
    420            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
    421            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
    422            exp.MonthsBetween: lambda self, e: self.func(
    423                "DATEDIFF",
    424                "'month'",
    425                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
    426                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
    427            ),
    428            exp.ParseJSON: rename_func("JSON"),
    429            exp.PercentileCont: _rename_unless_within_group("PERCENTILE_CONT", "QUANTILE_CONT"),
    430            exp.PercentileDisc: _rename_unless_within_group("PERCENTILE_DISC", "QUANTILE_DISC"),
    431            # DuckDB doesn't allow qualified columns inside of PIVOT expressions.
    432            # See: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/671faf92411182f81dce42ac43de8bfb05d9909e/src/planner/binder/tableref/bind_pivot.cpp#L61-L62
    433            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unqualify_columns]),
    434            exp.RegexpExtract: regexp_extract_sql,
    435            exp.RegexpReplace: lambda self, e: self.func(
    436                "REGEXP_REPLACE",
    437                e.this,
    438                e.expression,
    439                e.args.get("replacement"),
    440                e.args.get("modifiers"),
    441            ),
    442            exp.RegexpLike: rename_func("REGEXP_MATCHES"),
    443            exp.RegexpSplit: rename_func("STR_SPLIT_REGEX"),
    444            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
    445            exp.SafeDivide: no_safe_divide_sql,
    446            exp.Split: rename_func("STR_SPLIT"),
    447            exp.SortArray: _sort_array_sql,
    448            exp.StrPosition: str_position_sql,
    449            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: f"CAST({str_to_time_sql(self, e)} AS DATE)",
    450            exp.StrToTime: str_to_time_sql,
    451            exp.StrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
    452                "EPOCH", self.func("STRPTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e))
    453            ),
    454            exp.Struct: _struct_sql,
    455            exp.TimeAdd: _date_delta_sql,
    456            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
    457            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
    458                "DATE_DIFF", exp.Literal.string(e.unit), e.expression, e.this
    459            ),
    460            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql,
    461            exp.TimeStrToDate: lambda self, e: self.sql(exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE)),
    462            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
    463            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
    464                "EPOCH", exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
    465            ),
    466            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("STRFTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
    467            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("EPOCH"),
    468            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
    469            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
    470            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _ts_or_ds_add_sql,
    471            exp.TsOrDsDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
    472                "DATE_DIFF",
    473                f"'{e.args.get('unit') or 'DAY'}'",
    474                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
    475                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
    476            ),
    477            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self, e: self.func(
    478                "STRFTIME", self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this), self.format_time(e)
    479            ),
    480            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
    481            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self, e: f"CAST(TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS TEXT)",
    482            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
    483            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
    484            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
    485        }
    486
    487        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
    488            exp.JSONPathKey,
    489            exp.JSONPathRoot,
    490            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
    491            exp.JSONPathWildcard,
    492        }
    493
    494        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    495            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
    496            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BLOB",
    497            exp.DataType.Type.CHAR: "TEXT",
    498            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
    499            exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "TEXT",
    500            exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "TEXT",
    501            exp.DataType.Type.UINT: "UINTEGER",
    502            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BLOB",
    503            exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: "TEXT",
    504            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_S: "TIMESTAMP_S",
    505            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_MS: "TIMESTAMP_MS",
    506            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_NS: "TIMESTAMP_NS",
    507        }
    508
    509        STAR_MAPPING = {**generator.Generator.STAR_MAPPING, "except": "EXCLUDE"}
    510
    511        UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES = (exp.Literal, exp.Paren)
    512
    513        # DuckDB doesn't generally support CREATE TABLE .. properties
    514        # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/statements/create_table.html
    515        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
    516            prop: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED
    517            for prop in generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION
    518        }
    519
    520        # There are a few exceptions (e.g. temporary tables) which are supported or
    521        # can be transpiled to DuckDB, so we explicitly override them accordingly
    522        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.LikeProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA
    523        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.TemporaryProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE
    524
    525        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
    526            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    527            if nano is not None:
    528                expression.set(
    529                    "sec", expression.args["sec"] + nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
    530                )
    531
    532            return rename_func("MAKE_TIME")(self, expression)
    533
    534        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
    535            sec = expression.args["sec"]
    536
    537            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
    538            if milli is not None:
    539                sec += milli.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000.0)
    540
    541            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    542            if nano is not None:
    543                sec += nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
    544
    545            if milli or nano:
    546                expression.set("sec", sec)
    547
    548            return rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP")(self, expression)
    549
    550        def tablesample_sql(
    551            self,
    552            expression: exp.TableSample,
    553            sep: str = " AS ",
    554            tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None,
    555        ) -> str:
    556            if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Select):
    557                # This sample clause only applies to a single source, not the entire resulting relation
    558                tablesample_keyword = "TABLESAMPLE"
    559
    560            return super().tablesample_sql(
    561                expression, sep=sep, tablesample_keyword=tablesample_keyword
    562            )
    563
    564        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
    565            multiplier: t.Optional[int] = None
    566            unit = expression.text("unit").lower()
    567
    568            if unit.startswith("week"):
    569                multiplier = 7
    570            if unit.startswith("quarter"):
    571                multiplier = 90
    572
    573            if multiplier:
    574                return f"({multiplier} * {super().interval_sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.this, unit=exp.var('DAY')))})"
    575
    576            return super().interval_sql(expression)
    577
    578        def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
    579            if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction):
    580                return self.sql(expression, "this")
    581            return super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
    582
    583        def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str:
    584            if (
    585                expression.side == "LEFT"
    586                and not expression.args.get("on")
    587                and isinstance(expression.this, exp.Unnest)
    588            ):
    589                # Some dialects support `LEFT JOIN UNNEST(...)` without an explicit ON clause
    590                # DuckDB doesn't, but we can just add a dummy ON clause that is always true
    591                return super().join_sql(expression.on(exp.true()))
    592
    593            return super().join_sql(expression)
    594
    595        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
    596            # GENERATE_SERIES(a, b) -> [a, b], RANGE(a, b) -> [a, b)
    597            if expression.args.get("is_end_exclusive"):
    598                expression.set("is_end_exclusive", None)
    599                return rename_func("RANGE")(self, expression)
    600
    601            return super().generateseries_sql(expression)
    602
    603        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    604            this = expression.this
    605            if isinstance(this, exp.Array):
    606                this.replace(exp.paren(this))
    607
    608            bracket = super().bracket_sql(expression)
    609
    610            if not expression.args.get("returns_list_for_maps"):
    611                if not this.type:
    612                    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    613
    614                    this = annotate_types(this)
    615
    616                if this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.MAP):
    617                    bracket = f"({bracket})[1]"
    618
    619            return bracket

NULL_ORDERING = 'nulls_are_last'

Default `NULL` ordering method to use if not explicitly set. Possible values: `"nulls_are_small"`, `"nulls_are_large"`, `"nulls_are_last"`

SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False

Whether user-defined data types are supported.

SAFE_DIVISION = True

Whether division by zero throws an error (`False`) or returns NULL (`True`).

INDEX_OFFSET = 1

The base index offset for arrays.

CONCAT_COALESCE = True

A `NULL` arg in `CONCAT` yields `NULL` by default, but in some dialects it yields an empty string.

NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = <NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE: 'CASE_INSENSITIVE'>

Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized.

def to_json_path( self, path: Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]) -> Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]: View Source

    179    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    180        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
    181            # DuckDB also supports the JSON pointer syntax, where every path starts with a `/`.
    182            # Additionally, it allows accessing the back of lists using the `[#-i]` syntax.
    183            # This check ensures we'll avoid trying to parse these as JSON paths, which can
    184            # either result in a noisy warning or in an invalid representation of the path.
    185            path_text = path.name
    186            if path_text.startswith("/") or "[#" in path_text:
    187                return path
    188
    189        return super().to_json_path(path)

tokenizer_class = <class 'DuckDB.Tokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'DuckDB.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'DuckDB.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {}
ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
BIT_START: Optional[str] = None
BIT_END: Optional[str] = None
HEX_START: Optional[str] = None
HEX_END: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_START: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_END: Optional[str] = None

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect
  Dialect
  WEEK_OFFSET
  UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY
  ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE
  TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT
  IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT
  DPIPE_IS_STRING_CONCAT
  STRICT_STRING_CONCAT
  SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN
  NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS
  LOG_BASE_FIRST
  TYPED_DIVISION
  DATE_FORMAT
  DATEINT_FORMAT
  TIME_FORMAT
  TIME_MAPPING
  FORMAT_MAPPING
  UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES
  PSEUDOCOLUMNS
  PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN
  get_or_raise
  format_time
  normalize_identifier
  case_sensitive
  can_identify
  quote_identifier
  parse
  parse_into
  generate
  transpile
  tokenize
  tokenizer
  parser
  generator

class DuckDB.Tokenizer(sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer): View Source

    191    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    192        HEREDOC_STRINGS = ["$"]
    193
    194        HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
    195        HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = TokenType.PARAMETER
    196
    197        KEYWORDS = {
    198            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    199            "//": TokenType.DIV,
    200            "ATTACH": TokenType.COMMAND,
    201            "BINARY": TokenType.VARBINARY,
    202            "BITSTRING": TokenType.BIT,
    203            "BPCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
    204            "CHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
    205            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.TEXT,
    206            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
    207            "LOGICAL": TokenType.BOOLEAN,
    208            "ONLY": TokenType.ONLY,
    209            "PIVOT_WIDER": TokenType.PIVOT,
    210            "POSITIONAL": TokenType.POSITIONAL,
    211            "SIGNED": TokenType.INT,
    212            "STRING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
    213            "UBIGINT": TokenType.UBIGINT,
    214            "UINTEGER": TokenType.UINT,
    215            "USMALLINT": TokenType.USMALLINT,
    216            "UTINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
    217            "TIMESTAMP_S": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S,
    218            "TIMESTAMP_MS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS,
    219            "TIMESTAMP_NS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS,
    220            "TIMESTAMP_US": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
    221        }
    222
    223        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
    224            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
    225            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
    226        }

HEREDOC_STRINGS = ['$']
HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>
KEYWORDS = {'{%': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '+%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '{{+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{{-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '+}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '/*+': <TokenType.HINT: 'HINT'>, '==': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '::': <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>, '||': <TokenType.DPIPE: 'DPIPE'>, '>=': <TokenType.GTE: 'GTE'>, '<=': <TokenType.LTE: 'LTE'>, '<>': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, '!=': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, ':=': <TokenType.COLON_EQ: 'COLON_EQ'>, '<=>': <TokenType.NULLSAFE_EQ: 'NULLSAFE_EQ'>, '->': <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>, '->>': <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>, '=>': <TokenType.FARROW: 'FARROW'>, '#>': <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>, '#>>': <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>, '<->': <TokenType.LR_ARROW: 'LR_ARROW'>, '&&': <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>, '??': <TokenType.DQMARK: 'DQMARK'>, 'ALL': <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, 'ALWAYS': <TokenType.ALWAYS: 'ALWAYS'>, 'AND': <TokenType.AND: 'AND'>, 'ANTI': <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, 'ANY': <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, 'ASC': <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, 'AS': <TokenType.ALIAS: 'ALIAS'>, 'ASOF': <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, 'AUTOINCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'BEGIN': <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, 'BETWEEN': <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>, 'CACHE': <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, 'UNCACHE': <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>, 'CASE': <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, 'CHARACTER SET': <TokenType.CHARACTER_SET: 'CHARACTER_SET'>, 'CLUSTER BY': <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>, 'COLLATE': <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, 'COLUMN': <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, 'COMMIT': <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, 'CONNECT BY': <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>, 'CONSTRAINT': <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, 'CREATE': <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>, 'CROSS': <TokenType.CROSS: 'CROSS'>, 'CUBE': <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, 'CURRENT_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'DATABASE': <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, 'DEFAULT': <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, 'DELETE': <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, 'DESC': <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, 'DESCRIBE': <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, 'DISTINCT': <TokenType.DISTINCT: 'DISTINCT'>, 'DISTRIBUTE BY': <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>, 'DIV': <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, 'DROP': <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>, 'ELSE': <TokenType.ELSE: 'ELSE'>, 'END': <TokenType.END: 'END'>, 'ENUM': <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, 'ESCAPE': <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, 'EXCEPT': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'EXECUTE': <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, 'EXISTS': <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, 'FALSE': <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, 'FETCH': <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, 'FILTER': <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, 'FIRST': <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, 'FULL': <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, 'FUNCTION': <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, 'FOR': <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, 'FORMAT': <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, 'FROM': <TokenType.FROM: 'FROM'>, 'GEOGRAPHY': <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, 'GEOMETRY': <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, 'GLOB': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, 'GROUP BY': <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>, 'GROUPING SETS': <TokenType.GROUPING_SETS: 'GROUPING_SETS'>, 'HAVING': <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>, 'ILIKE': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, 'IN': <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>, 'INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'INET': <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, 'INNER': <TokenType.INNER: 'INNER'>, 'INSERT': <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>, 'INTERVAL': <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, 'INTERSECT': <TokenType.INTERSECT: 'INTERSECT'>, 'INTO': <TokenType.INTO: 'INTO'>, 'IS': <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, 'ISNULL': <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, 'JOIN': <TokenType.JOIN: 'JOIN'>, 'KEEP': <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, 'KILL': <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, 'LATERAL': <TokenType.LATERAL: 'LATERAL'>, 'LEFT': <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, 'LIKE': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, 'LIMIT': <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, 'LOAD': <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, 'LOCK': <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>, 'MERGE': <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, 'NATURAL': <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, 'NEXT': <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, 'NOT': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, 'NOTNULL': <TokenType.NOTNULL: 'NOTNULL'>, 'NULL': <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, 'OBJECT': <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, 'OFFSET': <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, 'ON': <TokenType.ON: 'ON'>, 'OR': <TokenType.OR: 'OR'>, 'XOR': <TokenType.XOR: 'XOR'>, 'ORDER BY': <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>, 'ORDINALITY': <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, 'OUTER': <TokenType.OUTER: 'OUTER'>, 'OVER': <TokenType.OVER: 'OVER'>, 'OVERLAPS': <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, 'OVERWRITE': <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, 'PARTITION': <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, 'PARTITION BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PERCENT': <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, 'PIVOT': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'PRAGMA': <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY: 'PRIMARY_KEY'>, 'PROCEDURE': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'QUALIFY': <TokenType.QUALIFY: 'QUALIFY'>, 'RANGE': <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, 'RECURSIVE': <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, 'REGEXP': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'REPLACE': <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, 'RETURNING': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'REFERENCES': <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, 'RIGHT': <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, 'RLIKE': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'ROLLBACK': <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>, 'ROLLUP': <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, 'ROW': <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, 'ROWS': <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, 'SCHEMA': <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, 'SELECT': <TokenType.SELECT: 'SELECT'>, 'SEMI': <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, 'SET': <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, 'SETTINGS': <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, 'SHOW': <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, 'SIMILAR TO': <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>, 'SOME': <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, 'SORT BY': <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>, 'START WITH': <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>, 'TABLE': <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, 'TABLESAMPLE': <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>, 'TEMP': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'TEMPORARY': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'THEN': <TokenType.THEN: 'THEN'>, 'TRUE': <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, 'TRUNCATE': <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, 'UNION': <TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>, 'UNKNOWN': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, 'UNNEST': <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, 'UNPIVOT': <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, 'UPDATE': <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, 'USE': <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, 'USING': <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>, 'UUID': <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, 'VALUES': <TokenType.VALUES: 'VALUES'>, 'VIEW': <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, 'VOLATILE': <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, 'WHEN': <TokenType.WHEN: 'WHEN'>, 'WHERE': <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>, 'WINDOW': <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, 'WITH': <TokenType.WITH: 'WITH'>, 'APPLY': <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, 'ARRAY': <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, 'BIT': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'BOOL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BOOLEAN': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BYTE': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'MEDIUMINT': <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, 'INT1': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'TINYINT': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'INT16': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SHORT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SMALLINT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INT128': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'HUGEINT': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'INT2': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INTEGER': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT4': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT32': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT64': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'LONG': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'BIGINT': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT8': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'UINT': <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, 'DEC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'BIGDECIMAL': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'BIGNUMERIC': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'MAP': <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, 'NULLABLE': <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, 'NUMBER': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'NUMERIC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'FIXED': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'REAL': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT4': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT8': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE PRECISION': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'JSON': <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, 'CHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'CHARACTER': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'NCHAR': <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR2': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR2': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'BPCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STRING': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'TEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGTEXT': <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, 'MEDIUMTEXT': <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, 'TINYTEXT': <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, 'CLOB': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGVARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'BINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'BLOB': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'LONGBLOB': <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, 'MEDIUMBLOB': <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, 'TINYBLOB': <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, 'BYTEA': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'VARBINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'TIME': <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, 'TIMETZ': <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, 'TIMESTAMPTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPLTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'DATE': <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, 'DATETIME': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'INT4RANGE': <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, 'INT4MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, 'INT8RANGE': <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, 'INT8MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, 'NUMRANGE': <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, 'NUMMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSRANGE': <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, 'TSMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSTZRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, 'TSTZMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, 'DATERANGE': <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, 'DATEMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, 'UNIQUE': <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, 'STRUCT': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, 'SEQUENCE': <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, 'VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'ALTER': <TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>, 'ANALYZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'CALL': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'COMMENT': <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, 'COPY': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'EXPLAIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'GRANT': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'OPTIMIZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PREPARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VACUUM': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'USER-DEFINED': <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, 'FOR VERSION': <TokenType.VERSION_SNAPSHOT: 'VERSION_SNAPSHOT'>, 'FOR TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, '//': <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, 'ATTACH': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'BITSTRING': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'CHARACTER VARYING': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'EXCLUDE': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'LOGICAL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'ONLY': <TokenType.ONLY: 'ONLY'>, 'PIVOT_WIDER': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'POSITIONAL': <TokenType.POSITIONAL: 'POSITIONAL'>, 'SIGNED': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'UBIGINT': <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, 'UINTEGER': <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, 'USMALLINT': <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, 'UTINYINT': <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, 'TIMESTAMP_S': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, 'TIMESTAMP_MS': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, 'TIMESTAMP_NS': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, 'TIMESTAMP_US': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>}
SINGLE_TOKENS = {'(': <TokenType.L_PAREN: 'L_PAREN'>, ')': <TokenType.R_PAREN: 'R_PAREN'>, '[': <TokenType.L_BRACKET: 'L_BRACKET'>, ']': <TokenType.R_BRACKET: 'R_BRACKET'>, '{': <TokenType.L_BRACE: 'L_BRACE'>, '}': <TokenType.R_BRACE: 'R_BRACE'>, '&': <TokenType.AMP: 'AMP'>, '^': <TokenType.CARET: 'CARET'>, ':': <TokenType.COLON: 'COLON'>, ',': <TokenType.COMMA: 'COMMA'>, '.': <TokenType.DOT: 'DOT'>, '-': <TokenType.DASH: 'DASH'>, '=': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '>': <TokenType.GT: 'GT'>, '<': <TokenType.LT: 'LT'>, '%': <TokenType.MOD: 'MOD'>, '!': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, '|': <TokenType.PIPE: 'PIPE'>, '+': <TokenType.PLUS: 'PLUS'>, ';': <TokenType.SEMICOLON: 'SEMICOLON'>, '/': <TokenType.SLASH: 'SLASH'>, '\\': <TokenType.BACKSLASH: 'BACKSLASH'>, '*': <TokenType.STAR: 'STAR'>, '~': <TokenType.TILDA: 'TILDA'>, '?': <TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: 'PLACEHOLDER'>, '@': <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>, "'": <TokenType.QUOTE: 'QUOTE'>, '`': <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, '"': <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, '#': <TokenType.HASH: 'HASH'>, '$': <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer
  Tokenizer
  BIT_STRINGS
  BYTE_STRINGS
  HEX_STRINGS
  RAW_STRINGS
  UNICODE_STRINGS
  IDENTIFIERS
  IDENTIFIER_ESCAPES
  QUOTES
  STRING_ESCAPES
  VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS
  WHITE_SPACE
  COMMANDS
  COMMAND_PREFIX_TOKENS
  NUMERIC_LITERALS
  COMMENTS
  dialect
  reset
  tokenize
  tokenize_rs
  size
  sql
  tokens

class DuckDB.Parser(sqlglot.parser.Parser): View Source

    228    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    229        BITWISE = {
    230            **parser.Parser.BITWISE,
    231            TokenType.TILDA: exp.RegexpLike,
    232        }
    233
    234        FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS = {*parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS, "STRUCT_PACK"}
    235
    236        FUNCTIONS = {
    237            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    238            "ARRAY_HAS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
    239            "ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
    240            "ARRAY_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
    241            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_diff,
    242            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_diff,
    243            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
    244            "DATETRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
    245            "DECODE": lambda args: exp.Decode(
    246                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
    247            ),
    248            "ENCODE": lambda args: exp.Encode(
    249                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
    250            ),
    251            "EPOCH": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
    252            "EPOCH_MS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
    253                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS
    254            ),
    255            "JSON": exp.ParseJSON.from_arg_list,
    256            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract),
    257            "JSON_EXTRACT_STRING": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
    258            "LIST_HAS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
    259            "LIST_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
    260            "LIST_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
    261            "LIST_VALUE": exp.Array.from_arg_list,
    262            "MAKE_TIME": exp.TimeFromParts.from_arg_list,
    263            "MAKE_TIMESTAMP": _build_make_timestamp,
    264            "MEDIAN": lambda args: exp.PercentileCont(
    265                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(0.5)
    266            ),
    267            "QUANTILE_CONT": exp.PercentileCont.from_arg_list,
    268            "QUANTILE_DISC": exp.PercentileDisc.from_arg_list,
    269            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": lambda args: exp.RegexpExtract(
    270                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1), group=seq_get(args, 2)
    271            ),
    272            "REGEXP_MATCHES": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
    273            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
    274                this=seq_get(args, 0),
    275                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    276                replacement=seq_get(args, 2),
    277                modifiers=seq_get(args, 3),
    278            ),
    279            "STRFTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "duckdb"),
    280            "STRING_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
    281            "STRING_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
    282            "STRING_TO_ARRAY": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
    283            "STRPTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "duckdb"),
    284            "STRUCT_PACK": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
    285            "STR_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
    286            "STR_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
    287            "TO_TIMESTAMP": exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list,
    288            "UNNEST": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
    289            "XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
    290            "GENERATE_SERIES": _build_generate_series(),
    291            "RANGE": _build_generate_series(end_exclusive=True),
    292        }
    293
    294        FUNCTION_PARSERS = parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS.copy()
    295        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("DECODE")
    296
    297        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    298            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    299            "MAP": lambda self: self._parse_map(),
    300        }
    301
    302        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {
    303            TokenType.SEMI,
    304            TokenType.ANTI,
    305        }
    306
    307        PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS = {
    308            **parser.Parser.PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS,
    309            TokenType.PARAMETER: lambda self: (
    310                self.expression(exp.Placeholder, this=self._prev.text)
    311                if self._match(TokenType.NUMBER) or self._match_set(self.ID_VAR_TOKENS)
    312                else None
    313            ),
    314        }
    315
    316        def _parse_bracket(
    317            self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
    318        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    319            bracket = super()._parse_bracket(this)
    320            if isinstance(bracket, exp.Bracket):
    321                bracket.set("returns_list_for_maps", True)
    322
    323            return bracket
    324
    325        def _parse_map(self) -> exp.ToMap | exp.Map:
    326            if self._match(TokenType.L_BRACE, advance=False):
    327                return self.expression(exp.ToMap, this=self._parse_bracket())
    328
    329            args = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_conjunction)
    330            return self.expression(exp.Map, keys=seq_get(args, 0), values=seq_get(args, 1))
    331
    332        def _parse_types(
    333            self, check_func: bool = False, schema: bool = False, allow_identifiers: bool = True
    334        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    335            this = super()._parse_types(
    336                check_func=check_func, schema=schema, allow_identifiers=allow_identifiers
    337            )
    338
    339            # DuckDB treats NUMERIC and DECIMAL without precision as DECIMAL(18, 3)
    340            # See: https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/numeric
    341            if (
    342                isinstance(this, exp.DataType)
    343                and this.is_type("numeric", "decimal")
    344                and not this.expressions
    345            ):
    346                return exp.DataType.build("DECIMAL(18, 3)")
    347
    348            return this
    349
    350        def _parse_struct_types(self, type_required: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    351            return self._parse_field_def()
    352
    353        def _pivot_column_names(self, aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> t.List[str]:
    354            if len(aggregations) == 1:
    355                return super()._pivot_column_names(aggregations)
    356            return pivot_column_names(aggregations, dialect="duckdb")

Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the Tokenizer and produces a parsed syntax tree.

###### Arguments:

- error_level: The desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
- error_message_context: The amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 100
- max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3

BITWISE = {<TokenType.AMP: 'AMP'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseAnd'>, <TokenType.CARET: 'CARET'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>, <TokenType.PIPE: 'PIPE'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseOr'>, <TokenType.TILDA: 'TILDA'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>}
FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS = {'STRUCT', 'STRUCT_PACK'}
FUNCTIONS = {'ABS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>>, 'ADD_MONTHS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AddMonths'>>, 'ANONYMOUS_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnonymousAggFunc'>>, 'ANY_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>>, 'APPROX_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>>, 'APPROX_TOP_K': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxTopK'>>, 'ARG_MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARGMAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'MAX_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARG_MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARGMIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'MIN_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>>, 'ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAll'>>, 'ARRAY_ANY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>>, 'ARRAY_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_OVERLAPS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>>, 'ARRAY_SIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'ARRAY_SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>>, 'ARRAY_TO_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_JOIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_UNION_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUnionAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_UNIQUE_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>>, 'AVG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>>, 'CASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>>, 'CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>>, 'CAST_TO_STR_TYPE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CastToStrType'>>, 'CBRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cbrt'>>, 'CEIL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CEILING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CHR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>>, 'CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>>, 'COALESCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'IFNULL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'NVL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'COLLATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>>, 'COMBINED_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedAggFunc'>>, 'COMBINED_PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedParameterizedAgg'>>, 'CONCAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONCAT_WS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONNECT_BY_ROOT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>>, 'CONVERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Convert'>>, 'CORR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Corr'>>, 'COUNT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Count'>>, 'COUNT_IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COUNTIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COVAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarPop'>>, 'COVAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarSamp'>>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>>, 'CURRENT_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'CURRENT_USER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>>, 'DATE_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>>, 'DATEDIFF': <function _build_date_diff>, 'DATE_DIFF': <function _build_date_diff>, 'DATE_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATE_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>>, 'DATE_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>>, 'DATE_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATE_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>>, 'DATE_TRUNC': <function date_trunc_to_time>, 'DATETIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>>, 'DATETIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>>, 'DATETIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>>, 'DATETIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeTrunc'>>, 'DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Day'>>, 'DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAYOFMONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAY_OF_WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAY_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DAYOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DECODE': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'DI_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>>, 'ENCODE': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exp'>>, 'EXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'EXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodeOuter'>>, 'EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>>, 'FIRST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.First'>>, 'FIRST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FirstValue'>>, 'FLATTEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Flatten'>>, 'FLOOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>>, 'FROM_BASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>>, 'FROM_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase64'>>, 'GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateDateArray'>>, 'GENERATE_SERIES': <function _build_generate_series.<locals>._builder>, 'GREATEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Greatest'>>, 'GROUP_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'HEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hex'>>, 'HLL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hll'>>, 'IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'IIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'INITCAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>>, 'IS_INF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'ISINF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'IS_NAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'ISNAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArray'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayAgg'>>, 'JSON_ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayContains'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_FORMAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObjectAgg'>>, 'J_S_O_N_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONTable'>>, 'LAG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lag'>>, 'LAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Last'>>, 'LAST_DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastValue'>>, 'LEAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lead'>>, 'LEAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Least'>>, 'LEFT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Left'>>, 'LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEVENSHTEIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>>, 'LN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>>, 'LOG': <function build_logarithm>, 'LOGICAL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOLAND_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'LOGICAL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOLOR_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'LOWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'LCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'MD5': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5'>>, 'MD5_DIGEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>>, 'MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>>, 'MAP_FROM_ENTRIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>>, 'MATCH_AGAINST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MatchAgainst'>>, 'MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>>, 'MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>>, 'MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>>, 'MONTHS_BETWEEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>>, 'NEXT_VALUE_FOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NextValueFor'>>, 'NTH_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NthValue'>>, 'NULLIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nullif'>>, 'NUMBER_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr'>>, 'NVL2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nvl2'>>, 'OPEN_J_S_O_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OpenJSON'>>, 'PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParameterizedAgg'>>, 'PARSE_JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_PARSE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'PERCENTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'PERCENTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'POSEXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Posexplode'>>, 'POSEXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PosexplodeOuter'>>, 'POWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'POW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'PREDICT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Predict'>>, 'QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>>, 'QUARTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quarter'>>, 'RAND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDOM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Randn'>>, 'RANGE_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RangeN'>>, 'READ_CSV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReadCSV'>>, 'REDUCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Reduce'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'REGEXP_I_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>>, 'REGEXP_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'REGEXP_REPLACE': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'REGEXP_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'REPEAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'RIGHT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Right'>>, 'ROUND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>>, 'ROW_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowNumber'>>, 'SHA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA1': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>>, 'SAFE_DIVIDE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>>, 'SIGN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SIGNUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SORT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'SQRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>>, 'STANDARD_HASH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StandardHash'>>, 'STAR_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>>, 'STARTS_WITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STARTSWITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STDDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDDEV_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>>, 'STDDEV_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>>, 'STR_POSITION': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>>, 'STR_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>>, 'STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>>, 'STRUCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STRUCT_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>>, 'STUFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'SUBSTRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>>, 'TIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>>, 'TIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>>, 'TIME_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIMEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>>, 'TIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>>, 'TIME_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>>, 'TIME_TO_TIME_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIME_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'TIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeTrunc'>>, 'TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>>, 'TIMESTAMPDIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>>, 'TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToArray'>>, 'TO_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase64'>>, 'TO_CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>>, 'TO_DAYS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDays'>>, 'TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>>, 'TO_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToNumber'>>, 'TRANSFORM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>>, 'TRIM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>>, 'TRY_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>>, 'TS_OR_DI_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTimestamp'>>, 'UNHEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>>, 'UNIX_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixDate'>>, 'UNIX_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>>, 'UPPER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'UCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'VAR_MAP': <function build_var_map>, 'VARIANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'VAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>>, 'WEEK_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WEEKOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WHEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.When'>>, 'X_M_L_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLTable'>>, 'XOR': <function binary_from_function.<locals>.<lambda>>, 'YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>>, 'GLOB': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'LIKE': <function build_like>, 'LOG2': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG10': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MOD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY_HAS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT': <function _build_sort_array_desc>, 'DATETRUNC': <function date_trunc_to_time>, 'EPOCH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'EPOCH_MS': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_STRING': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'LIST_HAS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'LIST_REVERSE_SORT': <function _build_sort_array_desc>, 'LIST_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'LIST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>>, 'MAKE_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'MAKE_TIMESTAMP': <function _build_make_timestamp>, 'MEDIAN': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'QUANTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'QUANTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'REGEXP_MATCHES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'STRFTIME': <function build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'STRING_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'STRING_SPLIT_REGEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'STRING_TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'STRPTIME': <function build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'STRUCT_PACK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STR_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'STR_SPLIT_REGEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'TO_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'UNNEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'RANGE': <function _build_generate_series.<locals>._builder>}
FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXTRACT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECTAGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_TABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MATCH': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OPENJSON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'POSITION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PREDICT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SAFE_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRING_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SUBSTRING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>}
NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'ANY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CASE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'IF': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NEXT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MAP': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>}
TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = {<TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>}
PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS = {<TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: 'PLACEHOLDER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>: <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COLON: 'COLON'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>}
SHOW_TRIE: Dict = {}
SET_TRIE: Dict = {'GLOBAL': {0: True}, 'LOCAL': {0: True}, 'SESSION': {0: True}, 'TRANSACTION': {0: True}}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.parser.Parser
  Parser
  NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS
  STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS
  NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS
  ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS
  AGGREGATE_TYPE_TOKENS
  TYPE_TOKENS
  SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN
  SUBQUERY_PREDICATES
  RESERVED_TOKENS
  DB_CREATABLES
  CREATABLES
  ID_VAR_TOKENS
  INTERVAL_VARS
  ALIAS_TOKENS
  COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  TRIM_TYPES
  FUNC_TOKENS
  CONJUNCTION
  EQUALITY
  COMPARISON
  TERM
  FACTOR
  EXPONENT
  TIMES
  TIMESTAMPS
  SET_OPERATIONS
  JOIN_METHODS
  JOIN_SIDES
  JOIN_KINDS
  JOIN_HINTS
  LAMBDAS
  COLUMN_OPERATORS
  EXPRESSION_PARSERS
  STATEMENT_PARSERS
  UNARY_PARSERS
  STRING_PARSERS
  NUMERIC_PARSERS
  PRIMARY_PARSERS
  RANGE_PARSERS
  PROPERTY_PARSERS
  CONSTRAINT_PARSERS
  ALTER_PARSERS
  SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS
  INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS
  KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS
  QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS
  SET_PARSERS
  SHOW_PARSERS
  TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS
  DDL_SELECT_TOKENS
  PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS
  TRANSACTION_KIND
  TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS
  CONFLICT_ACTIONS
  CREATE_SEQUENCE
  ISOLATED_LOADING_OPTIONS
  USABLES
  CAST_ACTIONS
  INSERT_ALTERNATIVES
  CLONE_KEYWORDS
  HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND
  OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS
  OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
  TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS
  VIEW_ATTRIBUTES
  WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS
  WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS
  WINDOW_SIDES
  JSON_KEY_VALUE_SEPARATOR_TOKENS
  FETCH_TOKENS
  ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS
  DISTINCT_TOKENS
  NULL_TOKENS
  UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS
  SELECT_START_TOKENS
  STRICT_CAST
  PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS
  IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS
  LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN
  ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN
  TABLESAMPLE_CSV
  SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER
  TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST
  STRING_ALIASES
  MODIFIERS_ATTACHED_TO_UNION
  UNION_MODIFIERS
  NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS
  JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
  VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN
  SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST
  INTERVAL_SPANS
  SUPPORTS_PARTITION_SELECTION
  error_level
  error_message_context
  max_errors
  dialect
  reset
  parse
  parse_into
  check_errors
  raise_error
  expression
  validate_expression
  errors
  sql

class DuckDB.Generator(sqlglot.generator.Generator): View Source

    358    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    359        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
    360        NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = "$"
    361        JOIN_HINTS = False
    362        TABLE_HINTS = False
    363        QUERY_HINTS = False
    364        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
    365        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
    366        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
    367        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
    368        SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = False
    369        TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = "USING SAMPLE"
    370        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
    371        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
    372        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
    373        IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = True
    374        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
    375        SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = False
    376        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
    377        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
    378        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
    379
    380        TRANSFORMS = {
    381            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
    382            exp.ApproxDistinct: approx_count_distinct_sql,
    383            exp.Array: inline_array_unless_query,
    384            exp.ArrayFilter: rename_func("LIST_FILTER"),
    385            exp.ArraySize: rename_func("ARRAY_LENGTH"),
    386            exp.ArgMax: arg_max_or_min_no_count("ARG_MAX"),
    387            exp.ArgMin: arg_max_or_min_no_count("ARG_MIN"),
    388            exp.ArraySort: _array_sort_sql,
    389            exp.ArraySum: rename_func("LIST_SUM"),
    390            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("XOR"),
    391            exp.CommentColumnConstraint: no_comment_column_constraint_sql,
    392            exp.CurrentDate: lambda *_: "CURRENT_DATE",
    393            exp.CurrentTime: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIME",
    394            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
    395            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
    396            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
    397            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
    398            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
    399            exp.Date: _date_sql,
    400            exp.DateAdd: _date_delta_sql,
    401            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_DATE"),
    402            exp.DateSub: _date_delta_sql,
    403            exp.DateDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
    404                "DATE_DIFF", f"'{e.args.get('unit') or 'DAY'}'", e.expression, e.this
    405            ),
    406            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
    407            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
    408            e: f"CAST(STRFTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
    409            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "DECODE", replace=False),
    410            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
    411            e: f"CAST(STRPTIME(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
    412            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "ENCODE", replace=False),
    413            exp.Explode: rename_func("UNNEST"),
    414            exp.IntDiv: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "//"),
    415            exp.IsInf: rename_func("ISINF"),
    416            exp.IsNan: rename_func("ISNAN"),
    417            exp.JSONExtract: arrow_json_extract_sql,
    418            exp.JSONExtractScalar: arrow_json_extract_sql,
    419            exp.JSONFormat: _json_format_sql,
    420            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
    421            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
    422            exp.MonthsBetween: lambda self, e: self.func(
    423                "DATEDIFF",
    424                "'month'",
    425                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
    426                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
    427            ),
    428            exp.ParseJSON: rename_func("JSON"),
    429            exp.PercentileCont: _rename_unless_within_group("PERCENTILE_CONT", "QUANTILE_CONT"),
    430            exp.PercentileDisc: _rename_unless_within_group("PERCENTILE_DISC", "QUANTILE_DISC"),
    431            # DuckDB doesn't allow qualified columns inside of PIVOT expressions.
    432            # See: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/671faf92411182f81dce42ac43de8bfb05d9909e/src/planner/binder/tableref/bind_pivot.cpp#L61-L62
    433            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unqualify_columns]),
    434            exp.RegexpExtract: regexp_extract_sql,
    435            exp.RegexpReplace: lambda self, e: self.func(
    436                "REGEXP_REPLACE",
    437                e.this,
    438                e.expression,
    439                e.args.get("replacement"),
    440                e.args.get("modifiers"),
    441            ),
    442            exp.RegexpLike: rename_func("REGEXP_MATCHES"),
    443            exp.RegexpSplit: rename_func("STR_SPLIT_REGEX"),
    444            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
    445            exp.SafeDivide: no_safe_divide_sql,
    446            exp.Split: rename_func("STR_SPLIT"),
    447            exp.SortArray: _sort_array_sql,
    448            exp.StrPosition: str_position_sql,
    449            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: f"CAST({str_to_time_sql(self, e)} AS DATE)",
    450            exp.StrToTime: str_to_time_sql,
    451            exp.StrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
    452                "EPOCH", self.func("STRPTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e))
    453            ),
    454            exp.Struct: _struct_sql,
    455            exp.TimeAdd: _date_delta_sql,
    456            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
    457            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
    458                "DATE_DIFF", exp.Literal.string(e.unit), e.expression, e.this
    459            ),
    460            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql,
    461            exp.TimeStrToDate: lambda self, e: self.sql(exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE)),
    462            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
    463            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
    464                "EPOCH", exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
    465            ),
    466            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("STRFTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
    467            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("EPOCH"),
    468            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
    469            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
    470            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _ts_or_ds_add_sql,
    471            exp.TsOrDsDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
    472                "DATE_DIFF",
    473                f"'{e.args.get('unit') or 'DAY'}'",
    474                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
    475                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
    476            ),
    477            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self, e: self.func(
    478                "STRFTIME", self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this), self.format_time(e)
    479            ),
    480            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
    481            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self, e: f"CAST(TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS TEXT)",
    482            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
    483            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
    484            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
    485        }
    486
    487        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
    488            exp.JSONPathKey,
    489            exp.JSONPathRoot,
    490            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
    491            exp.JSONPathWildcard,
    492        }
    493
    494        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    495            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
    496            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BLOB",
    497            exp.DataType.Type.CHAR: "TEXT",
    498            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
    499            exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "TEXT",
    500            exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "TEXT",
    501            exp.DataType.Type.UINT: "UINTEGER",
    502            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BLOB",
    503            exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: "TEXT",
    504            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_S: "TIMESTAMP_S",
    505            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_MS: "TIMESTAMP_MS",
    506            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_NS: "TIMESTAMP_NS",
    507        }
    508
    509        STAR_MAPPING = {**generator.Generator.STAR_MAPPING, "except": "EXCLUDE"}
    510
    511        UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES = (exp.Literal, exp.Paren)
    512
    513        # DuckDB doesn't generally support CREATE TABLE .. properties
    514        # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/statements/create_table.html
    515        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
    516            prop: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED
    517            for prop in generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION
    518        }
    519
    520        # There are a few exceptions (e.g. temporary tables) which are supported or
    521        # can be transpiled to DuckDB, so we explicitly override them accordingly
    522        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.LikeProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA
    523        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.TemporaryProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE
    524
    525        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
    526            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    527            if nano is not None:
    528                expression.set(
    529                    "sec", expression.args["sec"] + nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
    530                )
    531
    532            return rename_func("MAKE_TIME")(self, expression)
    533
    534        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
    535            sec = expression.args["sec"]
    536
    537            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
    538            if milli is not None:
    539                sec += milli.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000.0)
    540
    541            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    542            if nano is not None:
    543                sec += nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
    544
    545            if milli or nano:
    546                expression.set("sec", sec)
    547
    548            return rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP")(self, expression)
    549
    550        def tablesample_sql(
    551            self,
    552            expression: exp.TableSample,
    553            sep: str = " AS ",
    554            tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None,
    555        ) -> str:
    556            if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Select):
    557                # This sample clause only applies to a single source, not the entire resulting relation
    558                tablesample_keyword = "TABLESAMPLE"
    559
    560            return super().tablesample_sql(
    561                expression, sep=sep, tablesample_keyword=tablesample_keyword
    562            )
    563
    564        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
    565            multiplier: t.Optional[int] = None
    566            unit = expression.text("unit").lower()
    567
    568            if unit.startswith("week"):
    569                multiplier = 7
    570            if unit.startswith("quarter"):
    571                multiplier = 90
    572
    573            if multiplier:
    574                return f"({multiplier} * {super().interval_sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.this, unit=exp.var('DAY')))})"
    575
    576            return super().interval_sql(expression)
    577
    578        def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
    579            if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction):
    580                return self.sql(expression, "this")
    581            return super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
    582
    583        def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str:
    584            if (
    585                expression.side == "LEFT"
    586                and not expression.args.get("on")
    587                and isinstance(expression.this, exp.Unnest)
    588            ):
    589                # Some dialects support `LEFT JOIN UNNEST(...)` without an explicit ON clause
    590                # DuckDB doesn't, but we can just add a dummy ON clause that is always true
    591                return super().join_sql(expression.on(exp.true()))
    592
    593            return super().join_sql(expression)
    594
    595        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
    596            # GENERATE_SERIES(a, b) -> [a, b], RANGE(a, b) -> [a, b)
    597            if expression.args.get("is_end_exclusive"):
    598                expression.set("is_end_exclusive", None)
    599                return rename_func("RANGE")(self, expression)
    600
    601            return super().generateseries_sql(expression)
    602
    603        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    604            this = expression.this
    605            if isinstance(this, exp.Array):
    606                this.replace(exp.paren(this))
    607
    608            bracket = super().bracket_sql(expression)
    609
    610            if not expression.args.get("returns_list_for_maps"):
    611                if not this.type:
    612                    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    613
    614                    this = annotate_types(this)
    615
    616                if this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.MAP):
    617                    bracket = f"({bracket})[1]"
    618
    619            return bracket

Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.

###### Arguments:

- pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
- identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
- normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
- pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. Default: 2.
- indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of subqueries and filters under a `WHERE` clause. Default: 2.
- normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
- unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
- max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
- leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
- max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
- comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True

PARAMETER_TOKEN = '$'
NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = '$'
JOIN_HINTS = False
TABLE_HINTS = False
QUERY_HINTS = False
LIMIT_FETCH = 'LIMIT'
STRUCT_DELIMITER = ('(', ')')
RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = False
TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = 'USING SAMPLE'
TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = 'REPEATABLE'
LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ','
IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = True
JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = False
MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
TRANSFORMS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathWildcard'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CommentColumnConstraint'>: <function no_comment_column_constraint_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFormatColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefaultColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EphemeralColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExcludeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InlineLengthColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntervalSpan'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract'>: <function arrow_json_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar'>: <function arrow_json_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NonClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnUpdateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PathColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TitleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>: <function no_timestamp_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UppercaseColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithOperator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>: <function approx_count_distinct_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>: <function inline_array_unless_query>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>: <function arg_max_or_min_no_count.<locals>._arg_max_or_min_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>: <function arg_max_or_min_no_count.<locals>._arg_max_or_min_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySort'>: <function _array_sort_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataType'>: <function _datatype_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>: <function _date_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function _date_delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>: <function _date_delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>: <function datestrtodate_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Decode'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Encode'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntDiv'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>: <function _json_format_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>: <function _rename_unless_within_group.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>: <function _rename_unless_within_group.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pivot'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract'>: <function regexp_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpReplace'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>: <function no_safe_divide_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>: <function _sort_array_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>: <function str_position_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>: <function str_to_time_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>: <function _struct_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>: <function _date_delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>: <function timestamptrunc_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function timestrtotime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>: <function _ts_or_ds_add_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>: <function _unix_to_time_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>: <function bool_xor_sql>}
SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathWildcard'>}
TYPE_MAPPING = {<Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.INET: 'INET'>: 'INET', <Type.BINARY: 'BINARY'>: 'BLOB', <Type.CHAR: 'CHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>: 'REAL', <Type.UINT: 'UINT'>: 'UINTEGER', <Type.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>: 'BLOB', <Type.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>: 'TIMESTAMP_S', <Type.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>: 'TIMESTAMP_MS', <Type.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'}
STAR_MAPPING = {'except': 'EXCLUDE', 'replace': 'REPLACE'}
UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES = (<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Literal'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Paren'>)
PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.AlgorithmProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoIncrementProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BlockCompressionProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ChecksumProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cluster'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredByProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataBlocksizeProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefinerProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictRange'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistKeyProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistStyleProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EngineProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FallbackProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FileFormatProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FreespaceProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsolatedLoadingProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JournalProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LikeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockingProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeBlockRatioProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Order'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedOfProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PrimaryKey'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Property'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatDelimitedProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatSerdeProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SchemaCommentProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SerdeProperties'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Set'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SequenceProperties'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortKeyProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeTreeTTL'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithDataProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSystemVersioningProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>}
def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts) -> str: View Source

    525        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
    526            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    527            if nano is not None:
    528                expression.set(
    529                    "sec", expression.args["sec"] + nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
    530                )
    531
    532            return rename_func("MAKE_TIME")(self, expression)

def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts) -> str: View Source

    534        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
    535            sec = expression.args["sec"]
    536
    537            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
    538            if milli is not None:
    539                sec += milli.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000.0)
    540
    541            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    542            if nano is not None:
    543                sec += nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
    544
    545            if milli or nano:
    546                expression.set("sec", sec)
    547
    548            return rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP")(self, expression)

def tablesample_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TableSample, sep: str = ' AS ', tablesample_keyword: Optional[str] = None) -> str: View Source

    550        def tablesample_sql(
    551            self,
    552            expression: exp.TableSample,
    553            sep: str = " AS ",
    554            tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None,
    555        ) -> str:
    556            if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Select):
    557                # This sample clause only applies to a single source, not the entire resulting relation
    558                tablesample_keyword = "TABLESAMPLE"
    559
    560            return super().tablesample_sql(
    561                expression, sep=sep, tablesample_keyword=tablesample_keyword
    562            )

def interval_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Interval) -> str: View Source

    564        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
    565            multiplier: t.Optional[int] = None
    566            unit = expression.text("unit").lower()
    567
    568            if unit.startswith("week"):
    569                multiplier = 7
    570            if unit.startswith("quarter"):
    571                multiplier = 90
    572
    573            if multiplier:
    574                return f"({multiplier} * {super().interval_sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.this, unit=exp.var('DAY')))})"
    575
    576            return super().interval_sql(expression)

def columndef_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ColumnDef, sep: str = ' ') -> str: View Source

    578        def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
    579            if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction):
    580                return self.sql(expression, "this")
    581            return super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)

def join_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Join) -> str: View Source

    583        def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str:
    584            if (
    585                expression.side == "LEFT"
    586                and not expression.args.get("on")
    587                and isinstance(expression.this, exp.Unnest)
    588            ):
    589                # Some dialects support `LEFT JOIN UNNEST(...)` without an explicit ON clause
    590                # DuckDB doesn't, but we can just add a dummy ON clause that is always true
    591                return super().join_sql(expression.on(exp.true()))
    592
    593            return super().join_sql(expression)

def generateseries_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries) -> str: View Source

    595        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
    596            # GENERATE_SERIES(a, b) -> [a, b], RANGE(a, b) -> [a, b)
    597            if expression.args.get("is_end_exclusive"):
    598                expression.set("is_end_exclusive", None)
    599                return rename_func("RANGE")(self, expression)
    600
    601            return super().generateseries_sql(expression)

def bracket_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Bracket) -> str: View Source

    603        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    604            this = expression.this
    605            if isinstance(this, exp.Array):
    606                this.replace(exp.paren(this))
    607
    608            bracket = super().bracket_sql(expression)
    609
    610            if not expression.args.get("returns_list_for_maps"):
    611                if not this.type:
    612                    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    613
    614                    this = annotate_types(this)
    615
    616                if this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.MAP):
    617                    bracket = f"({bracket})[1]"
    618
    619            return bracket

SELECT_KINDS: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = {'qualify': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'windows': <function Generator.<lambda>>}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.generator.Generator
  Generator
  NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED
  LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED
  EXPLICIT_UNION
  WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES
  CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS
  MATCHED_BY_SOURCE
  SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL
  INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM
  LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS
  GROUPINGS_SEP
  INDEX_ON
  QUERY_HINT_SEP
  IS_BOOL_ALLOWED
  DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET
  LIMIT_IS_TOP
  RETURNING_END
  COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS_SUPPORTED
  EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES
  TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE
  VALUES_AS_TABLE
  ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD
  UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY
  AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED
  COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE
  SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY
  TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS
  TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS
  TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD
  COLLATE_IS_FUNC
  DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED
  ENSURE_BOOLS
  CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED
  SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT
  SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS
  UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS
  INSERT_OVERWRITE
  SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO
  SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES
  LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA
  JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION
  JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE
  OUTER_UNION_MODIFIERS
  TIME_PART_SINGULARS
  TOKEN_MAPPING
  RESERVED_KEYWORDS
  WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS
  EXCLUDE_COMMENTS
  PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES
  EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES
  SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK
  pretty
  identify
  normalize
  pad
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