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# sqlglot.dialects.snowflake

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       1from __future__ import annotations
       2
       3import typing as t
       4
       5from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens, transforms
       6from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
       7    Dialect,
       8    NormalizationStrategy,
       9    binary_from_function,
      10    date_delta_sql,
      11    date_trunc_to_time,
      12    datestrtodate_sql,
      13    build_formatted_time,
      14    if_sql,
      15    inline_array_sql,
      16    max_or_greatest,
      17    min_or_least,
      18    rename_func,
      19    timestamptrunc_sql,
      20    timestrtotime_sql,
      21    var_map_sql,
      22)
      23from sqlglot.helper import flatten, is_float, is_int, seq_get
      24from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
      25
      26if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
      27    from sqlglot._typing import E
      28
      29
      30# from https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/to_timestamp.html
      31def _build_datetime(
      32    name: str, kind: exp.DataType.Type, safe: bool = False
      33) -> t.Callable[[t.List], exp.Func]:
      34    def _builder(args: t.List) -> exp.Func:
      35        value = seq_get(args, 0)
      36
      37        if isinstance(value, exp.Literal):
      38            int_value = is_int(value.this)
      39
      40            # Converts calls like `TO_TIME('01:02:03')` into casts
      41            if len(args) == 1 and value.is_string and not int_value:
      42                return exp.cast(value, kind)
      43
      44            # Handles `TO_TIMESTAMP(str, fmt)` and `TO_TIMESTAMP(num, scale)` as special
      45            # cases so we can transpile them, since they're relatively common
      46            if kind == exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP:
      47                if int_value:
      48                    return exp.UnixToTime(this=value, scale=seq_get(args, 1))
      49                if not is_float(value.this):
      50                    return build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "snowflake")(args)
      51
      52        if len(args) == 2 and kind == exp.DataType.Type.DATE:
      53            formatted_exp = build_formatted_time(exp.TsOrDsToDate, "snowflake")(args)
      54            formatted_exp.set("safe", safe)
      55            return formatted_exp
      56
      57        return exp.Anonymous(this=name, expressions=args)
      58
      59    return _builder
      60
      61
      62def _build_object_construct(args: t.List) -> t.Union[exp.StarMap, exp.Struct]:
      63    expression = parser.build_var_map(args)
      64
      65    if isinstance(expression, exp.StarMap):
      66        return expression
      67
      68    return exp.Struct(
      69        expressions=[
      70            exp.PropertyEQ(this=k, expression=v) for k, v in zip(expression.keys, expression.values)
      71        ]
      72    )
      73
      74
      75def _build_datediff(args: t.List) -> exp.DateDiff:
      76    return exp.DateDiff(
      77        this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=_map_date_part(seq_get(args, 0))
      78    )
      79
      80
      81def _build_date_time_add(expr_type: t.Type[E]) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
      82    def _builder(args: t.List) -> E:
      83        return expr_type(
      84            this=seq_get(args, 2),
      85            expression=seq_get(args, 1),
      86            unit=_map_date_part(seq_get(args, 0)),
      87        )
      88
      89    return _builder
      90
      91
      92# https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/div0
      93def _build_if_from_div0(args: t.List) -> exp.If:
      94    cond = exp.EQ(this=seq_get(args, 1), expression=exp.Literal.number(0))
      95    true = exp.Literal.number(0)
      96    false = exp.Div(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1))
      97    return exp.If(this=cond, true=true, false=false)
      98
      99
     100# https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/zeroifnull
     101def _build_if_from_zeroifnull(args: t.List) -> exp.If:
     102    cond = exp.Is(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Null())
     103    return exp.If(this=cond, true=exp.Literal.number(0), false=seq_get(args, 0))
     104
     105
     106# https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/zeroifnull
     107def _build_if_from_nullifzero(args: t.List) -> exp.If:
     108    cond = exp.EQ(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(0))
     109    return exp.If(this=cond, true=exp.Null(), false=seq_get(args, 0))
     110
     111
     112def _regexpilike_sql(self: Snowflake.Generator, expression: exp.RegexpILike) -> str:
     113    flag = expression.text("flag")
     114
     115    if "i" not in flag:
     116        flag += "i"
     117
     118    return self.func(
     119        "REGEXP_LIKE", expression.this, expression.expression, exp.Literal.string(flag)
     120    )
     121
     122
     123def _build_convert_timezone(args: t.List) -> t.Union[exp.Anonymous, exp.AtTimeZone]:
     124    if len(args) == 3:
     125        return exp.Anonymous(this="CONVERT_TIMEZONE", expressions=args)
     126    return exp.AtTimeZone(this=seq_get(args, 1), zone=seq_get(args, 0))
     127
     128
     129def _build_regexp_replace(args: t.List) -> exp.RegexpReplace:
     130    regexp_replace = exp.RegexpReplace.from_arg_list(args)
     131
     132    if not regexp_replace.args.get("replacement"):
     133        regexp_replace.set("replacement", exp.Literal.string(""))
     134
     135    return regexp_replace
     136
     137
     138def _show_parser(*args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Callable[[Snowflake.Parser], exp.Show]:
     139    def _parse(self: Snowflake.Parser) -> exp.Show:
     140        return self._parse_show_snowflake(*args, **kwargs)
     141
     142    return _parse
     143
     144
     145DATE_PART_MAPPING = {
     146    "Y": "YEAR",
     147    "YY": "YEAR",
     148    "YYY": "YEAR",
     149    "YYYY": "YEAR",
     150    "YR": "YEAR",
     151    "YEARS": "YEAR",
     152    "YRS": "YEAR",
     153    "MM": "MONTH",
     154    "MON": "MONTH",
     155    "MONS": "MONTH",
     156    "MONTHS": "MONTH",
     157    "D": "DAY",
     158    "DD": "DAY",
     159    "DAYS": "DAY",
     160    "DAYOFMONTH": "DAY",
     161    "WEEKDAY": "DAYOFWEEK",
     162    "DOW": "DAYOFWEEK",
     163    "DW": "DAYOFWEEK",
     164    "WEEKDAY_ISO": "DAYOFWEEKISO",
     165    "DOW_ISO": "DAYOFWEEKISO",
     166    "DW_ISO": "DAYOFWEEKISO",
     167    "YEARDAY": "DAYOFYEAR",
     168    "DOY": "DAYOFYEAR",
     169    "DY": "DAYOFYEAR",
     170    "W": "WEEK",
     171    "WK": "WEEK",
     172    "WEEKOFYEAR": "WEEK",
     173    "WOY": "WEEK",
     174    "WY": "WEEK",
     175    "WEEK_ISO": "WEEKISO",
     176    "WEEKOFYEARISO": "WEEKISO",
     177    "WEEKOFYEAR_ISO": "WEEKISO",
     178    "Q": "QUARTER",
     179    "QTR": "QUARTER",
     180    "QTRS": "QUARTER",
     181    "QUARTERS": "QUARTER",
     182    "H": "HOUR",
     183    "HH": "HOUR",
     184    "HR": "HOUR",
     185    "HOURS": "HOUR",
     186    "HRS": "HOUR",
     187    "M": "MINUTE",
     188    "MI": "MINUTE",
     189    "MIN": "MINUTE",
     190    "MINUTES": "MINUTE",
     191    "MINS": "MINUTE",
     192    "S": "SECOND",
     193    "SEC": "SECOND",
     194    "SECONDS": "SECOND",
     195    "SECS": "SECOND",
     196    "MS": "MILLISECOND",
     197    "MSEC": "MILLISECOND",
     198    "MILLISECONDS": "MILLISECOND",
     199    "US": "MICROSECOND",
     200    "USEC": "MICROSECOND",
     201    "MICROSECONDS": "MICROSECOND",
     202    "NS": "NANOSECOND",
     203    "NSEC": "NANOSECOND",
     204    "NANOSEC": "NANOSECOND",
     205    "NSECOND": "NANOSECOND",
     206    "NSECONDS": "NANOSECOND",
     207    "NANOSECS": "NANOSECOND",
     208    "EPOCH": "EPOCH_SECOND",
     209    "EPOCH_SECONDS": "EPOCH_SECOND",
     210    "EPOCH_MILLISECONDS": "EPOCH_MILLISECOND",
     211    "EPOCH_MICROSECONDS": "EPOCH_MICROSECOND",
     212    "EPOCH_NANOSECONDS": "EPOCH_NANOSECOND",
     213    "TZH": "TIMEZONE_HOUR",
     214    "TZM": "TIMEZONE_MINUTE",
     215}
     216
     217
     218@t.overload
     219def _map_date_part(part: exp.Expression) -> exp.Var:
     220    pass
     221
     222
     223@t.overload
     224def _map_date_part(part: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     225    pass
     226
     227
     228def _map_date_part(part):
     229    mapped = DATE_PART_MAPPING.get(part.name.upper()) if part else None
     230    return exp.var(mapped) if mapped else part
     231
     232
     233def _date_trunc_to_time(args: t.List) -> exp.DateTrunc | exp.TimestampTrunc:
     234    trunc = date_trunc_to_time(args)
     235    trunc.set("unit", _map_date_part(trunc.args["unit"]))
     236    return trunc
     237
     238
     239def _build_timestamp_from_parts(args: t.List) -> exp.Func:
     240    if len(args) == 2:
     241        # Other dialects don't have the TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS(date, time) concept,
     242        # so we parse this into Anonymous for now instead of introducing complexity
     243        return exp.Anonymous(this="TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS", expressions=args)
     244
     245    return exp.TimestampFromParts.from_arg_list(args)
     246
     247
     248def _unqualify_unpivot_columns(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
     249    """
     250    Snowflake doesn't allow columns referenced in UNPIVOT to be qualified,
     251    so we need to unqualify them.
     252
     253    Example:
     254        >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
     255        >>> expr = parse_one("SELECT * FROM m_sales UNPIVOT(sales FOR month IN (m_sales.jan, feb, mar, april))")
     256        >>> print(_unqualify_unpivot_columns(expr).sql(dialect="snowflake"))
     257        SELECT * FROM m_sales UNPIVOT(sales FOR month IN (jan, feb, mar, april))
     258    """
     259    if isinstance(expression, exp.Pivot) and expression.unpivot:
     260        expression = transforms.unqualify_columns(expression)
     261
     262    return expression
     263
     264
     265def _flatten_structured_types_unless_iceberg(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
     266    assert isinstance(expression, exp.Create)
     267
     268    def _flatten_structured_type(expression: exp.DataType) -> exp.DataType:
     269        if expression.this in exp.DataType.NESTED_TYPES:
     270            expression.set("expressions", None)
     271        return expression
     272
     273    props = expression.args.get("properties")
     274    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Schema) and not (props and props.find(exp.IcebergProperty)):
     275        for schema_expression in expression.this.expressions:
     276            if isinstance(schema_expression, exp.ColumnDef):
     277                column_type = schema_expression.kind
     278                if isinstance(column_type, exp.DataType):
     279                    column_type.transform(_flatten_structured_type, copy=False)
     280
     281    return expression
     282
     283
     284class Snowflake(Dialect):
     285    # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/identifiers-syntax
     286    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE
     287    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_large"
     288    TIME_FORMAT = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'"
     289    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
     290    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
     291    PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN = True
     292    TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = True
     293
     294    TIME_MAPPING = {
     295        "YYYY": "%Y",
     296        "yyyy": "%Y",
     297        "YY": "%y",
     298        "yy": "%y",
     299        "MMMM": "%B",
     300        "mmmm": "%B",
     301        "MON": "%b",
     302        "mon": "%b",
     303        "MM": "%m",
     304        "mm": "%m",
     305        "DD": "%d",
     306        "dd": "%-d",
     307        "DY": "%a",
     308        "dy": "%w",
     309        "HH24": "%H",
     310        "hh24": "%H",
     311        "HH12": "%I",
     312        "hh12": "%I",
     313        "MI": "%M",
     314        "mi": "%M",
     315        "SS": "%S",
     316        "ss": "%S",
     317        "FF": "%f",
     318        "ff": "%f",
     319        "FF6": "%f",
     320        "ff6": "%f",
     321    }
     322
     323    def quote_identifier(self, expression: E, identify: bool = True) -> E:
     324        # This disables quoting DUAL in SELECT ... FROM DUAL, because Snowflake treats an
     325        # unquoted DUAL keyword in a special way and does not map it to a user-defined table
     326        if (
     327            isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier)
     328            and isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Table)
     329            and expression.name.lower() == "dual"
     330        ):
     331            return expression  # type: ignore
     332
     333        return super().quote_identifier(expression, identify=identify)
     334
     335    class Parser(parser.Parser):
     336        IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS = True
     337
     338        ID_VAR_TOKENS = {
     339            *parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS,
     340            TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION,
     341        }
     342
     343        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS | {TokenType.WINDOW}
     344        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS.discard(TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION)
     345
     346        FUNCTIONS = {
     347            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
     348            "ARRAYAGG": exp.ArrayAgg.from_arg_list,
     349            "ARRAY_CONSTRUCT": exp.Array.from_arg_list,
     350            "ARRAY_CONTAINS": lambda args: exp.ArrayContains(
     351                this=seq_get(args, 1), expression=seq_get(args, 0)
     352            ),
     353            "ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE": lambda args: exp.GenerateSeries(
     354                # ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE has an exlusive end; we normalize it to be inclusive
     355                start=seq_get(args, 0),
     356                end=exp.Sub(this=seq_get(args, 1), expression=exp.Literal.number(1)),
     357                step=seq_get(args, 2),
     358            ),
     359            "BITXOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
     360            "BIT_XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
     361            "BOOLXOR": binary_from_function(exp.Xor),
     362            "CONVERT_TIMEZONE": _build_convert_timezone,
     363            "DATE": _build_datetime("DATE", exp.DataType.Type.DATE),
     364            "DATE_TRUNC": _date_trunc_to_time,
     365            "DATEADD": _build_date_time_add(exp.DateAdd),
     366            "DATEDIFF": _build_datediff,
     367            "DIV0": _build_if_from_div0,
     368            "FLATTEN": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
     369            "GET_PATH": lambda args, dialect: exp.JSONExtract(
     370                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=dialect.to_json_path(seq_get(args, 1))
     371            ),
     372            "IFF": exp.If.from_arg_list,
     373            "LAST_DAY": lambda args: exp.LastDay(
     374                this=seq_get(args, 0), unit=_map_date_part(seq_get(args, 1))
     375            ),
     376            "LISTAGG": exp.GroupConcat.from_arg_list,
     377            "MEDIAN": lambda args: exp.PercentileCont(
     378                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(0.5)
     379            ),
     380            "NULLIFZERO": _build_if_from_nullifzero,
     381            "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT": _build_object_construct,
     382            "REGEXP_REPLACE": _build_regexp_replace,
     383            "REGEXP_SUBSTR": exp.RegexpExtract.from_arg_list,
     384            "RLIKE": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
     385            "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)),
     386            "TIMEADD": _build_date_time_add(exp.TimeAdd),
     387            "TIMEDIFF": _build_datediff,
     388            "TIMESTAMPADD": _build_date_time_add(exp.DateAdd),
     389            "TIMESTAMPDIFF": _build_datediff,
     390            "TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS": _build_timestamp_from_parts,
     391            "TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS": _build_timestamp_from_parts,
     392            "TRY_TO_DATE": _build_datetime("TRY_TO_DATE", exp.DataType.Type.DATE, safe=True),
     393            "TO_DATE": _build_datetime("TO_DATE", exp.DataType.Type.DATE),
     394            "TO_NUMBER": lambda args: exp.ToNumber(
     395                this=seq_get(args, 0),
     396                format=seq_get(args, 1),
     397                precision=seq_get(args, 2),
     398                scale=seq_get(args, 3),
     399            ),
     400            "TO_TIME": _build_datetime("TO_TIME", exp.DataType.Type.TIME),
     401            "TO_TIMESTAMP": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
     402            "TO_TIMESTAMP_LTZ": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP_LTZ", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPLTZ),
     403            "TO_TIMESTAMP_NTZ": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP_NTZ", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
     404            "TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ),
     405            "TO_VARCHAR": exp.ToChar.from_arg_list,
     406            "ZEROIFNULL": _build_if_from_zeroifnull,
     407        }
     408
     409        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
     410            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
     411            "DATE_PART": lambda self: self._parse_date_part(),
     412            "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT_KEEP_NULL": lambda self: self._parse_json_object(),
     413        }
     414        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")
     415
     416        TIMESTAMPS = parser.Parser.TIMESTAMPS - {TokenType.TIME}
     417
     418        RANGE_PARSERS = {
     419            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
     420            TokenType.LIKE_ANY: parser.binary_range_parser(exp.LikeAny),
     421            TokenType.ILIKE_ANY: parser.binary_range_parser(exp.ILikeAny),
     422        }
     423
     424        ALTER_PARSERS = {
     425            **parser.Parser.ALTER_PARSERS,
     426            "SET": lambda self: self._parse_set(tag=self._match_text_seq("TAG")),
     427            "UNSET": lambda self: self.expression(
     428                exp.Set,
     429                tag=self._match_text_seq("TAG"),
     430                expressions=self._parse_csv(self._parse_id_var),
     431                unset=True,
     432            ),
     433            "SWAP": lambda self: self._parse_alter_table_swap(),
     434        }
     435
     436        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
     437            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
     438            TokenType.SHOW: lambda self: self._parse_show(),
     439        }
     440
     441        PROPERTY_PARSERS = {
     442            **parser.Parser.PROPERTY_PARSERS,
     443            "LOCATION": lambda self: self._parse_location(),
     444        }
     445
     446        SHOW_PARSERS = {
     447            "SCHEMAS": _show_parser("SCHEMAS"),
     448            "TERSE SCHEMAS": _show_parser("SCHEMAS"),
     449            "OBJECTS": _show_parser("OBJECTS"),
     450            "TERSE OBJECTS": _show_parser("OBJECTS"),
     451            "TABLES": _show_parser("TABLES"),
     452            "TERSE TABLES": _show_parser("TABLES"),
     453            "VIEWS": _show_parser("VIEWS"),
     454            "TERSE VIEWS": _show_parser("VIEWS"),
     455            "PRIMARY KEYS": _show_parser("PRIMARY KEYS"),
     456            "TERSE PRIMARY KEYS": _show_parser("PRIMARY KEYS"),
     457            "IMPORTED KEYS": _show_parser("IMPORTED KEYS"),
     458            "TERSE IMPORTED KEYS": _show_parser("IMPORTED KEYS"),
     459            "UNIQUE KEYS": _show_parser("UNIQUE KEYS"),
     460            "TERSE UNIQUE KEYS": _show_parser("UNIQUE KEYS"),
     461            "SEQUENCES": _show_parser("SEQUENCES"),
     462            "TERSE SEQUENCES": _show_parser("SEQUENCES"),
     463            "COLUMNS": _show_parser("COLUMNS"),
     464            "USERS": _show_parser("USERS"),
     465            "TERSE USERS": _show_parser("USERS"),
     466        }
     467
     468        STAGED_FILE_SINGLE_TOKENS = {
     469            TokenType.DOT,
     470            TokenType.MOD,
     471            TokenType.SLASH,
     472        }
     473
     474        FLATTEN_COLUMNS = ["SEQ", "KEY", "PATH", "INDEX", "VALUE", "THIS"]
     475
     476        SCHEMA_KINDS = {"OBJECTS", "TABLES", "VIEWS", "SEQUENCES", "UNIQUE KEYS", "IMPORTED KEYS"}
     477
     478        def _parse_column_ops(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     479            this = super()._parse_column_ops(this)
     480
     481            casts = []
     482            json_path = []
     483
     484            while self._match(TokenType.COLON):
     485                path = super()._parse_column_ops(self._parse_field(any_token=True))
     486
     487                # The cast :: operator has a lower precedence than the extraction operator :, so
     488                # we rearrange the AST appropriately to avoid casting the 2nd argument of GET_PATH
     489                while isinstance(path, exp.Cast):
     490                    casts.append(path.to)
     491                    path = path.this
     492
     493                if path:
     494                    json_path.append(path.sql(dialect="snowflake", copy=False))
     495
     496            if json_path:
     497                this = self.expression(
     498                    exp.JSONExtract,
     499                    this=this,
     500                    expression=self.dialect.to_json_path(exp.Literal.string(".".join(json_path))),
     501                )
     502
     503                while casts:
     504                    this = self.expression(exp.Cast, this=this, to=casts.pop())
     505
     506            return this
     507
     508        # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/date_part.html
     509        # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions-date-time.html#label-supported-date-time-parts
     510        def _parse_date_part(self: Snowflake.Parser) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     511            this = self._parse_var() or self._parse_type()
     512
     513            if not this:
     514                return None
     515
     516            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
     517            expression = self._parse_bitwise()
     518            this = _map_date_part(this)
     519            name = this.name.upper()
     520
     521            if name.startswith("EPOCH"):
     522                if name == "EPOCH_MILLISECOND":
     523                    scale = 10**3
     524                elif name == "EPOCH_MICROSECOND":
     525                    scale = 10**6
     526                elif name == "EPOCH_NANOSECOND":
     527                    scale = 10**9
     528                else:
     529                    scale = None
     530
     531                ts = self.expression(exp.Cast, this=expression, to=exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"))
     532                to_unix: exp.Expression = self.expression(exp.TimeToUnix, this=ts)
     533
     534                if scale:
     535                    to_unix = exp.Mul(this=to_unix, expression=exp.Literal.number(scale))
     536
     537                return to_unix
     538
     539            return self.expression(exp.Extract, this=this, expression=expression)
     540
     541        def _parse_bracket_key_value(self, is_map: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     542            if is_map:
     543                # Keys are strings in Snowflake's objects, see also:
     544                # - https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/data-types-semistructured
     545                # - https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/object_construct
     546                return self._parse_slice(self._parse_string())
     547
     548            return self._parse_slice(self._parse_alias(self._parse_conjunction(), explicit=True))
     549
     550        def _parse_lateral(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Lateral]:
     551            lateral = super()._parse_lateral()
     552            if not lateral:
     553                return lateral
     554
     555            if isinstance(lateral.this, exp.Explode):
     556                table_alias = lateral.args.get("alias")
     557                columns = [exp.to_identifier(col) for col in self.FLATTEN_COLUMNS]
     558                if table_alias and not table_alias.args.get("columns"):
     559                    table_alias.set("columns", columns)
     560                elif not table_alias:
     561                    exp.alias_(lateral, "_flattened", table=columns, copy=False)
     562
     563            return lateral
     564
     565        def _parse_at_before(self, table: exp.Table) -> exp.Table:
     566            # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/constructs/at-before
     567            index = self._index
     568            if self._match_texts(("AT", "BEFORE")):
     569                this = self._prev.text.upper()
     570                kind = (
     571                    self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN)
     572                    and self._match_texts(self.HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND)
     573                    and self._prev.text.upper()
     574                )
     575                expression = self._match(TokenType.FARROW) and self._parse_bitwise()
     576
     577                if expression:
     578                    self._match_r_paren()
     579                    when = self.expression(
     580                        exp.HistoricalData, this=this, kind=kind, expression=expression
     581                    )
     582                    table.set("when", when)
     583                else:
     584                    self._retreat(index)
     585
     586            return table
     587
     588        def _parse_table_parts(
     589            self, schema: bool = False, is_db_reference: bool = False, wildcard: bool = False
     590        ) -> exp.Table:
     591            # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/querying-stage
     592            if self._match(TokenType.STRING, advance=False):
     593                table = self._parse_string()
     594            elif self._match_text_seq("@", advance=False):
     595                table = self._parse_location_path()
     596            else:
     597                table = None
     598
     599            if table:
     600                file_format = None
     601                pattern = None
     602
     603                self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN)
     604                while self._curr and not self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN):
     605                    if self._match_text_seq("FILE_FORMAT", "=>"):
     606                        file_format = self._parse_string() or super()._parse_table_parts(
     607                            is_db_reference=is_db_reference
     608                        )
     609                    elif self._match_text_seq("PATTERN", "=>"):
     610                        pattern = self._parse_string()
     611                    else:
     612                        break
     613
     614                    self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
     615
     616                table = self.expression(exp.Table, this=table, format=file_format, pattern=pattern)
     617            else:
     618                table = super()._parse_table_parts(schema=schema, is_db_reference=is_db_reference)
     619
     620            return self._parse_at_before(table)
     621
     622        def _parse_id_var(
     623            self,
     624            any_token: bool = True,
     625            tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
     626        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     627            if self._match_text_seq("IDENTIFIER", "("):
     628                identifier = (
     629                    super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
     630                    or self._parse_string()
     631                )
     632                self._match_r_paren()
     633                return self.expression(exp.Anonymous, this="IDENTIFIER", expressions=[identifier])
     634
     635            return super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
     636
     637        def _parse_show_snowflake(self, this: str) -> exp.Show:
     638            scope = None
     639            scope_kind = None
     640
     641            # will identity SHOW TERSE SCHEMAS but not SHOW TERSE PRIMARY KEYS
     642            # which is syntactically valid but has no effect on the output
     643            terse = self._tokens[self._index - 2].text.upper() == "TERSE"
     644
     645            history = self._match_text_seq("HISTORY")
     646
     647            like = self._parse_string() if self._match(TokenType.LIKE) else None
     648
     649            if self._match(TokenType.IN):
     650                if self._match_text_seq("ACCOUNT"):
     651                    scope_kind = "ACCOUNT"
     652                elif self._match_set(self.DB_CREATABLES):
     653                    scope_kind = self._prev.text.upper()
     654                    if self._curr:
     655                        scope = self._parse_table_parts()
     656                elif self._curr:
     657                    scope_kind = "SCHEMA" if this in self.SCHEMA_KINDS else "TABLE"
     658                    scope = self._parse_table_parts()
     659
     660            return self.expression(
     661                exp.Show,
     662                **{
     663                    "terse": terse,
     664                    "this": this,
     665                    "history": history,
     666                    "like": like,
     667                    "scope": scope,
     668                    "scope_kind": scope_kind,
     669                    "starts_with": self._match_text_seq("STARTS", "WITH") and self._parse_string(),
     670                    "limit": self._parse_limit(),
     671                    "from": self._parse_string() if self._match(TokenType.FROM) else None,
     672                },
     673            )
     674
     675        def _parse_alter_table_swap(self) -> exp.SwapTable:
     676            self._match_text_seq("WITH")
     677            return self.expression(exp.SwapTable, this=self._parse_table(schema=True))
     678
     679        def _parse_location(self) -> exp.LocationProperty:
     680            self._match(TokenType.EQ)
     681            return self.expression(exp.LocationProperty, this=self._parse_location_path())
     682
     683        def _parse_location_path(self) -> exp.Var:
     684            parts = [self._advance_any(ignore_reserved=True)]
     685
     686            # We avoid consuming a comma token because external tables like @foo and @bar
     687            # can be joined in a query with a comma separator.
     688            while self._is_connected() and not self._match(TokenType.COMMA, advance=False):
     689                parts.append(self._advance_any(ignore_reserved=True))
     690
     691            return exp.var("".join(part.text for part in parts if part))
     692
     693    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
     694        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\", "'"]
     695        HEX_STRINGS = [("x'", "'"), ("X'", "'")]
     696        RAW_STRINGS = ["$$"]
     697        COMMENTS = ["--", "//", ("/*", "*/")]
     698
     699        KEYWORDS = {
     700            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
     701            "BYTEINT": TokenType.INT,
     702            "CHAR VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
     703            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
     704            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
     705            "ILIKE ANY": TokenType.ILIKE_ANY,
     706            "LIKE ANY": TokenType.LIKE_ANY,
     707            "MATCH_CONDITION": TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION,
     708            "MATCH_RECOGNIZE": TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE,
     709            "MINUS": TokenType.EXCEPT,
     710            "NCHAR VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
     711            "PUT": TokenType.COMMAND,
     712            "REMOVE": TokenType.COMMAND,
     713            "RENAME": TokenType.REPLACE,
     714            "RM": TokenType.COMMAND,
     715            "SAMPLE": TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE,
     716            "SQL_DOUBLE": TokenType.DOUBLE,
     717            "SQL_VARCHAR": TokenType.VARCHAR,
     718            "STORAGE INTEGRATION": TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION,
     719            "TIMESTAMP_LTZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ,
     720            "TIMESTAMP_NTZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
     721            "TIMESTAMP_TZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
     722            "TIMESTAMPNTZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
     723            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
     724        }
     725
     726        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
     727            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
     728            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
     729        }
     730
     731        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"$"}
     732
     733        COMMANDS = tokens.Tokenizer.COMMANDS - {TokenType.SHOW}
     734
     735    class Generator(generator.Generator):
     736        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
     737        MATCHED_BY_SOURCE = False
     738        SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = True
     739        JOIN_HINTS = False
     740        TABLE_HINTS = False
     741        QUERY_HINTS = False
     742        AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED = False
     743        SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY = False
     744        COLLATE_IS_FUNC = True
     745        LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
     746        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
     747        INSERT_OVERWRITE = " OVERWRITE INTO"
     748        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
     749
     750        TRANSFORMS = {
     751            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
     752            exp.ApproxDistinct: rename_func("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT"),
     753            exp.ArgMax: rename_func("MAX_BY"),
     754            exp.ArgMin: rename_func("MIN_BY"),
     755            exp.Array: inline_array_sql,
     756            exp.ArrayConcat: rename_func("ARRAY_CAT"),
     757            exp.ArrayContains: lambda self, e: self.func("ARRAY_CONTAINS", e.expression, e.this),
     758            exp.AtTimeZone: lambda self, e: self.func(
     759                "CONVERT_TIMEZONE", e.args.get("zone"), e.this
     760            ),
     761            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("BITXOR"),
     762            exp.Create: transforms.preprocess([_flatten_structured_types_unless_iceberg]),
     763            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
     764            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
     765            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
     766            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
     767            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
     768            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
     769            exp.Explode: rename_func("FLATTEN"),
     770            exp.Extract: rename_func("DATE_PART"),
     771            exp.FromTimeZone: lambda self, e: self.func(
     772                "CONVERT_TIMEZONE", e.args.get("zone"), "'UTC'", e.this
     773            ),
     774            exp.GenerateSeries: lambda self, e: self.func(
     775                "ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE", e.args["start"], e.args["end"] + 1, e.args.get("step")
     776            ),
     777            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("LISTAGG"),
     778            exp.If: if_sql(name="IFF", false_value="NULL"),
     779            exp.JSONExtract: lambda self, e: self.func("GET_PATH", e.this, e.expression),
     780            exp.JSONExtractScalar: lambda self, e: self.func(
     781                "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT", e.this, e.expression
     782            ),
     783            exp.JSONObject: lambda self, e: self.func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT_KEEP_NULL", *e.expressions),
     784            exp.JSONPathRoot: lambda *_: "",
     785            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOLAND_AGG"),
     786            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOLOR_AGG"),
     787            exp.Map: lambda self, e: var_map_sql(self, e, "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
     788            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
     789            exp.Min: min_or_least,
     790            exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self, e: f"PARTITION BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
     791            exp.PercentileCont: transforms.preprocess(
     792                [transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]
     793            ),
     794            exp.PercentileDisc: transforms.preprocess(
     795                [transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]
     796            ),
     797            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([_unqualify_unpivot_columns]),
     798            exp.RegexpILike: _regexpilike_sql,
     799            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
     800            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
     801                [
     802                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
     803                    transforms.explode_to_unnest(),
     804                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
     805                ]
     806            ),
     807            exp.SHA: rename_func("SHA1"),
     808            exp.StarMap: rename_func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
     809            exp.StartsWith: rename_func("STARTSWITH"),
     810            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: self.func(
     811                "POSITION", e.args.get("substr"), e.this, e.args.get("position")
     812            ),
     813            exp.StrToTime: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
     814            exp.Stuff: rename_func("INSERT"),
     815            exp.TimeAdd: date_delta_sql("TIMEADD"),
     816            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
     817                "TIMESTAMPDIFF", e.unit, e.expression, e.this
     818            ),
     819            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql,
     820            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
     821            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func(
     822                "TO_CHAR", exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP), self.format_time(e)
     823            ),
     824            exp.TimeToUnix: lambda self, e: f"EXTRACT(epoch_second FROM {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
     825            exp.ToArray: rename_func("TO_ARRAY"),
     826            exp.ToChar: lambda self, e: self.function_fallback_sql(e),
     827            exp.Trim: lambda self, e: self.func("TRIM", e.this, e.expression),
     828            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD", cast=True),
     829            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
     830            exp.TsOrDsToDate: lambda self, e: self.func(
     831                "TRY_TO_DATE" if e.args.get("safe") else "TO_DATE", e.this, self.format_time(e)
     832            ),
     833            exp.UnixToTime: rename_func("TO_TIMESTAMP"),
     834            exp.VarMap: lambda self, e: var_map_sql(self, e, "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
     835            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
     836            exp.Xor: rename_func("BOOLXOR"),
     837        }
     838
     839        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
     840            exp.JSONPathKey,
     841            exp.JSONPathRoot,
     842            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
     843        }
     844
     845        TYPE_MAPPING = {
     846            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
     847            exp.DataType.Type.NESTED: "OBJECT",
     848            exp.DataType.Type.STRUCT: "OBJECT",
     849            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "TIMESTAMPNTZ",
     850        }
     851
     852        STAR_MAPPING = {
     853            "except": "EXCLUDE",
     854            "replace": "RENAME",
     855        }
     856
     857        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
     858            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
     859            exp.SetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
     860            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
     861        }
     862
     863        UNSUPPORTED_VALUES_EXPRESSIONS = {
     864            exp.Struct,
     865        }
     866
     867        def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values, values_as_table: bool = True) -> str:
     868            if expression.find(*self.UNSUPPORTED_VALUES_EXPRESSIONS):
     869                values_as_table = False
     870
     871            return super().values_sql(expression, values_as_table=values_as_table)
     872
     873        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
     874            expressions = expression.expressions
     875            if (
     876                expressions
     877                and expression.is_type(*exp.DataType.STRUCT_TYPES)
     878                and any(isinstance(field_type, exp.DataType) for field_type in expressions)
     879            ):
     880                # The correct syntax is OBJECT [ (<key> <value_type [NOT NULL] [, ...]) ]
     881                return "OBJECT"
     882
     883            return super().datatype_sql(expression)
     884
     885        def tonumber_sql(self, expression: exp.ToNumber) -> str:
     886            return self.func(
     887                "TO_NUMBER",
     888                expression.this,
     889                expression.args.get("format"),
     890                expression.args.get("precision"),
     891                expression.args.get("scale"),
     892            )
     893
     894        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
     895            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
     896            if milli is not None:
     897                milli_to_nano = milli.pop() * exp.Literal.number(1000000)
     898                expression.set("nano", milli_to_nano)
     899
     900            return rename_func("TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS")(self, expression)
     901
     902        def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
     903            value = expression.this
     904
     905            if value.type is None:
     906                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
     907
     908                value = annotate_types(value)
     909
     910            if value.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES, exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN):
     911                return super().trycast_sql(expression)
     912
     913            # TRY_CAST only works for string values in Snowflake
     914            return self.cast_sql(expression)
     915
     916        def log_sql(self, expression: exp.Log) -> str:
     917            if not expression.expression:
     918                return self.func("LN", expression.this)
     919
     920            return super().log_sql(expression)
     921
     922        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
     923            unnest_alias = expression.args.get("alias")
     924            offset = expression.args.get("offset")
     925
     926            columns = [
     927                exp.to_identifier("seq"),
     928                exp.to_identifier("key"),
     929                exp.to_identifier("path"),
     930                offset.pop() if isinstance(offset, exp.Expression) else exp.to_identifier("index"),
     931                seq_get(unnest_alias.columns if unnest_alias else [], 0)
     932                or exp.to_identifier("value"),
     933                exp.to_identifier("this"),
     934            ]
     935
     936            if unnest_alias:
     937                unnest_alias.set("columns", columns)
     938            else:
     939                unnest_alias = exp.TableAlias(this="_u", columns=columns)
     940
     941            explode = f"TABLE(FLATTEN(INPUT => {self.sql(expression.expressions[0])}))"
     942            alias = self.sql(unnest_alias)
     943            alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else ""
     944            return f"{explode}{alias}"
     945
     946        def show_sql(self, expression: exp.Show) -> str:
     947            terse = "TERSE " if expression.args.get("terse") else ""
     948            history = " HISTORY" if expression.args.get("history") else ""
     949            like = self.sql(expression, "like")
     950            like = f" LIKE {like}" if like else ""
     951
     952            scope = self.sql(expression, "scope")
     953            scope = f" {scope}" if scope else ""
     954
     955            scope_kind = self.sql(expression, "scope_kind")
     956            if scope_kind:
     957                scope_kind = f" IN {scope_kind}"
     958
     959            starts_with = self.sql(expression, "starts_with")
     960            if starts_with:
     961                starts_with = f" STARTS WITH {starts_with}"
     962
     963            limit = self.sql(expression, "limit")
     964
     965            from_ = self.sql(expression, "from")
     966            if from_:
     967                from_ = f" FROM {from_}"
     968
     969            return f"SHOW {terse}{expression.name}{history}{like}{scope_kind}{scope}{starts_with}{limit}{from_}"
     970
     971        def regexpextract_sql(self, expression: exp.RegexpExtract) -> str:
     972            # Other dialects don't support all of the following parameters, so we need to
     973            # generate default values as necessary to ensure the transpilation is correct
     974            group = expression.args.get("group")
     975            parameters = expression.args.get("parameters") or (group and exp.Literal.string("c"))
     976            occurrence = expression.args.get("occurrence") or (parameters and exp.Literal.number(1))
     977            position = expression.args.get("position") or (occurrence and exp.Literal.number(1))
     978
     979            return self.func(
     980                "REGEXP_SUBSTR",
     981                expression.this,
     982                expression.expression,
     983                position,
     984                occurrence,
     985                parameters,
     986                group,
     987            )
     988
     989        def except_op(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str:
     990            if not expression.args.get("distinct"):
     991                self.unsupported("EXCEPT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
     992            return super().except_op(expression)
     993
     994        def intersect_op(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str:
     995            if not expression.args.get("distinct"):
     996                self.unsupported("INTERSECT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
     997            return super().intersect_op(expression)
     998
     999        def describe_sql(self, expression: exp.Describe) -> str:
    1000            # Default to table if kind is unknown
    1001            kind_value = expression.args.get("kind") or "TABLE"
    1002            kind = f" {kind_value}" if kind_value else ""
    1003            this = f" {self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
    1004            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
    1005            expressions = f" {expressions}" if expressions else ""
    1006            return f"DESCRIBE{kind}{this}{expressions}"
    1007
    1008        def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql(
    1009            self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
    1010        ) -> str:
    1011            start = expression.args.get("start")
    1012            start = f" START {start}" if start else ""
    1013            increment = expression.args.get("increment")
    1014            increment = f" INCREMENT {increment}" if increment else ""
    1015            return f"AUTOINCREMENT{start}{increment}"
    1016
    1017        def swaptable_sql(self, expression: exp.SwapTable) -> str:
    1018            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1019            return f"SWAP WITH {this}"
    1020
    1021        def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str:
    1022            return self.properties(properties, wrapped=False, prefix=self.seg(""), sep=" ")
    1023
    1024        def cluster_sql(self, expression: exp.Cluster) -> str:
    1025            return f"CLUSTER BY ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})"
    1026
    1027        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
    1028            keys = []
    1029            values = []
    1030
    1031            for i, e in enumerate(expression.expressions):
    1032                if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ):
    1033                    keys.append(
    1034                        exp.Literal.string(e.name) if isinstance(e.this, exp.Identifier) else e.this
    1035                    )
    1036                    values.append(e.expression)
    1037                else:
    1038                    keys.append(exp.Literal.string(f"_{i}"))
    1039                    values.append(e)
    1040
    1041            return self.func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT", *flatten(zip(keys, values)))

DATE_PART_MAPPING = {'Y': 'YEAR', 'YY': 'YEAR', 'YYY': 'YEAR', 'YYYY': 'YEAR', 'YR': 'YEAR', 'YEARS': 'YEAR', 'YRS': 'YEAR', 'MM': 'MONTH', 'MON': 'MONTH', 'MONS': 'MONTH', 'MONTHS': 'MONTH', 'D': 'DAY', 'DD': 'DAY', 'DAYS': 'DAY', 'DAYOFMONTH': 'DAY', 'WEEKDAY': 'DAYOFWEEK', 'DOW': 'DAYOFWEEK', 'DW': 'DAYOFWEEK', 'WEEKDAY_ISO': 'DAYOFWEEKISO', 'DOW_ISO': 'DAYOFWEEKISO', 'DW_ISO': 'DAYOFWEEKISO', 'YEARDAY': 'DAYOFYEAR', 'DOY': 'DAYOFYEAR', 'DY': 'DAYOFYEAR', 'W': 'WEEK', 'WK': 'WEEK', 'WEEKOFYEAR': 'WEEK', 'WOY': 'WEEK', 'WY': 'WEEK', 'WEEK_ISO': 'WEEKISO', 'WEEKOFYEARISO': 'WEEKISO', 'WEEKOFYEAR_ISO': 'WEEKISO', 'Q': 'QUARTER', 'QTR': 'QUARTER', 'QTRS': 'QUARTER', 'QUARTERS': 'QUARTER', 'H': 'HOUR', 'HH': 'HOUR', 'HR': 'HOUR', 'HOURS': 'HOUR', 'HRS': 'HOUR', 'M': 'MINUTE', 'MI': 'MINUTE', 'MIN': 'MINUTE', 'MINUTES': 'MINUTE', 'MINS': 'MINUTE', 'S': 'SECOND', 'SEC': 'SECOND', 'SECONDS': 'SECOND', 'SECS': 'SECOND', 'MS': 'MILLISECOND', 'MSEC': 'MILLISECOND', 'MILLISECONDS': 'MILLISECOND', 'US': 'MICROSECOND', 'USEC': 'MICROSECOND', 'MICROSECONDS': 'MICROSECOND', 'NS': 'NANOSECOND', 'NSEC': 'NANOSECOND', 'NANOSEC': 'NANOSECOND', 'NSECOND': 'NANOSECOND', 'NSECONDS': 'NANOSECOND', 'NANOSECS': 'NANOSECOND', 'EPOCH': 'EPOCH_SECOND', 'EPOCH_SECONDS': 'EPOCH_SECOND', 'EPOCH_MILLISECONDS': 'EPOCH_MILLISECOND', 'EPOCH_MICROSECONDS': 'EPOCH_MICROSECOND', 'EPOCH_NANOSECONDS': 'EPOCH_NANOSECOND', 'TZH': 'TIMEZONE_HOUR', 'TZM': 'TIMEZONE_MINUTE'}
class Snowflake(sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect): View Source

     285class Snowflake(Dialect):
     286    # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/identifiers-syntax
     287    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE
     288    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_large"
     289    TIME_FORMAT = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'"
     290    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
     291    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
     292    PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN = True
     293    TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = True
     294
     295    TIME_MAPPING = {
     296        "YYYY": "%Y",
     297        "yyyy": "%Y",
     298        "YY": "%y",
     299        "yy": "%y",
     300        "MMMM": "%B",
     301        "mmmm": "%B",
     302        "MON": "%b",
     303        "mon": "%b",
     304        "MM": "%m",
     305        "mm": "%m",
     306        "DD": "%d",
     307        "dd": "%-d",
     308        "DY": "%a",
     309        "dy": "%w",
     310        "HH24": "%H",
     311        "hh24": "%H",
     312        "HH12": "%I",
     313        "hh12": "%I",
     314        "MI": "%M",
     315        "mi": "%M",
     316        "SS": "%S",
     317        "ss": "%S",
     318        "FF": "%f",
     319        "ff": "%f",
     320        "FF6": "%f",
     321        "ff6": "%f",
     322    }
     323
     324    def quote_identifier(self, expression: E, identify: bool = True) -> E:
     325        # This disables quoting DUAL in SELECT ... FROM DUAL, because Snowflake treats an
     326        # unquoted DUAL keyword in a special way and does not map it to a user-defined table
     327        if (
     328            isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier)
     329            and isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Table)
     330            and expression.name.lower() == "dual"
     331        ):
     332            return expression  # type: ignore
     333
     334        return super().quote_identifier(expression, identify=identify)
     335
     336    class Parser(parser.Parser):
     337        IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS = True
     338
     339        ID_VAR_TOKENS = {
     340            *parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS,
     341            TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION,
     342        }
     343
     344        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS | {TokenType.WINDOW}
     345        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS.discard(TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION)
     346
     347        FUNCTIONS = {
     348            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
     349            "ARRAYAGG": exp.ArrayAgg.from_arg_list,
     350            "ARRAY_CONSTRUCT": exp.Array.from_arg_list,
     351            "ARRAY_CONTAINS": lambda args: exp.ArrayContains(
     352                this=seq_get(args, 1), expression=seq_get(args, 0)
     353            ),
     354            "ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE": lambda args: exp.GenerateSeries(
     355                # ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE has an exlusive end; we normalize it to be inclusive
     356                start=seq_get(args, 0),
     357                end=exp.Sub(this=seq_get(args, 1), expression=exp.Literal.number(1)),
     358                step=seq_get(args, 2),
     359            ),
     360            "BITXOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
     361            "BIT_XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
     362            "BOOLXOR": binary_from_function(exp.Xor),
     363            "CONVERT_TIMEZONE": _build_convert_timezone,
     364            "DATE": _build_datetime("DATE", exp.DataType.Type.DATE),
     365            "DATE_TRUNC": _date_trunc_to_time,
     366            "DATEADD": _build_date_time_add(exp.DateAdd),
     367            "DATEDIFF": _build_datediff,
     368            "DIV0": _build_if_from_div0,
     369            "FLATTEN": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
     370            "GET_PATH": lambda args, dialect: exp.JSONExtract(
     371                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=dialect.to_json_path(seq_get(args, 1))
     372            ),
     373            "IFF": exp.If.from_arg_list,
     374            "LAST_DAY": lambda args: exp.LastDay(
     375                this=seq_get(args, 0), unit=_map_date_part(seq_get(args, 1))
     376            ),
     377            "LISTAGG": exp.GroupConcat.from_arg_list,
     378            "MEDIAN": lambda args: exp.PercentileCont(
     379                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(0.5)
     380            ),
     381            "NULLIFZERO": _build_if_from_nullifzero,
     382            "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT": _build_object_construct,
     383            "REGEXP_REPLACE": _build_regexp_replace,
     384            "REGEXP_SUBSTR": exp.RegexpExtract.from_arg_list,
     385            "RLIKE": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
     386            "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)),
     387            "TIMEADD": _build_date_time_add(exp.TimeAdd),
     388            "TIMEDIFF": _build_datediff,
     389            "TIMESTAMPADD": _build_date_time_add(exp.DateAdd),
     390            "TIMESTAMPDIFF": _build_datediff,
     391            "TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS": _build_timestamp_from_parts,
     392            "TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS": _build_timestamp_from_parts,
     393            "TRY_TO_DATE": _build_datetime("TRY_TO_DATE", exp.DataType.Type.DATE, safe=True),
     394            "TO_DATE": _build_datetime("TO_DATE", exp.DataType.Type.DATE),
     395            "TO_NUMBER": lambda args: exp.ToNumber(
     396                this=seq_get(args, 0),
     397                format=seq_get(args, 1),
     398                precision=seq_get(args, 2),
     399                scale=seq_get(args, 3),
     400            ),
     401            "TO_TIME": _build_datetime("TO_TIME", exp.DataType.Type.TIME),
     402            "TO_TIMESTAMP": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
     403            "TO_TIMESTAMP_LTZ": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP_LTZ", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPLTZ),
     404            "TO_TIMESTAMP_NTZ": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP_NTZ", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
     405            "TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ),
     406            "TO_VARCHAR": exp.ToChar.from_arg_list,
     407            "ZEROIFNULL": _build_if_from_zeroifnull,
     408        }
     409
     410        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
     411            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
     412            "DATE_PART": lambda self: self._parse_date_part(),
     413            "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT_KEEP_NULL": lambda self: self._parse_json_object(),
     414        }
     415        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")
     416
     417        TIMESTAMPS = parser.Parser.TIMESTAMPS - {TokenType.TIME}
     418
     419        RANGE_PARSERS = {
     420            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
     421            TokenType.LIKE_ANY: parser.binary_range_parser(exp.LikeAny),
     422            TokenType.ILIKE_ANY: parser.binary_range_parser(exp.ILikeAny),
     423        }
     424
     425        ALTER_PARSERS = {
     426            **parser.Parser.ALTER_PARSERS,
     427            "SET": lambda self: self._parse_set(tag=self._match_text_seq("TAG")),
     428            "UNSET": lambda self: self.expression(
     429                exp.Set,
     430                tag=self._match_text_seq("TAG"),
     431                expressions=self._parse_csv(self._parse_id_var),
     432                unset=True,
     433            ),
     434            "SWAP": lambda self: self._parse_alter_table_swap(),
     435        }
     436
     437        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
     438            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
     439            TokenType.SHOW: lambda self: self._parse_show(),
     440        }
     441
     442        PROPERTY_PARSERS = {
     443            **parser.Parser.PROPERTY_PARSERS,
     444            "LOCATION": lambda self: self._parse_location(),
     445        }
     446
     447        SHOW_PARSERS = {
     448            "SCHEMAS": _show_parser("SCHEMAS"),
     449            "TERSE SCHEMAS": _show_parser("SCHEMAS"),
     450            "OBJECTS": _show_parser("OBJECTS"),
     451            "TERSE OBJECTS": _show_parser("OBJECTS"),
     452            "TABLES": _show_parser("TABLES"),
     453            "TERSE TABLES": _show_parser("TABLES"),
     454            "VIEWS": _show_parser("VIEWS"),
     455            "TERSE VIEWS": _show_parser("VIEWS"),
     456            "PRIMARY KEYS": _show_parser("PRIMARY KEYS"),
     457            "TERSE PRIMARY KEYS": _show_parser("PRIMARY KEYS"),
     458            "IMPORTED KEYS": _show_parser("IMPORTED KEYS"),
     459            "TERSE IMPORTED KEYS": _show_parser("IMPORTED KEYS"),
     460            "UNIQUE KEYS": _show_parser("UNIQUE KEYS"),
     461            "TERSE UNIQUE KEYS": _show_parser("UNIQUE KEYS"),
     462            "SEQUENCES": _show_parser("SEQUENCES"),
     463            "TERSE SEQUENCES": _show_parser("SEQUENCES"),
     464            "COLUMNS": _show_parser("COLUMNS"),
     465            "USERS": _show_parser("USERS"),
     466            "TERSE USERS": _show_parser("USERS"),
     467        }
     468
     469        STAGED_FILE_SINGLE_TOKENS = {
     470            TokenType.DOT,
     471            TokenType.MOD,
     472            TokenType.SLASH,
     473        }
     474
     475        FLATTEN_COLUMNS = ["SEQ", "KEY", "PATH", "INDEX", "VALUE", "THIS"]
     476
     477        SCHEMA_KINDS = {"OBJECTS", "TABLES", "VIEWS", "SEQUENCES", "UNIQUE KEYS", "IMPORTED KEYS"}
     478
     479        def _parse_column_ops(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     480            this = super()._parse_column_ops(this)
     481
     482            casts = []
     483            json_path = []
     484
     485            while self._match(TokenType.COLON):
     486                path = super()._parse_column_ops(self._parse_field(any_token=True))
     487
     488                # The cast :: operator has a lower precedence than the extraction operator :, so
     489                # we rearrange the AST appropriately to avoid casting the 2nd argument of GET_PATH
     490                while isinstance(path, exp.Cast):
     491                    casts.append(path.to)
     492                    path = path.this
     493
     494                if path:
     495                    json_path.append(path.sql(dialect="snowflake", copy=False))
     496
     497            if json_path:
     498                this = self.expression(
     499                    exp.JSONExtract,
     500                    this=this,
     501                    expression=self.dialect.to_json_path(exp.Literal.string(".".join(json_path))),
     502                )
     503
     504                while casts:
     505                    this = self.expression(exp.Cast, this=this, to=casts.pop())
     506
     507            return this
     508
     509        # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/date_part.html
     510        # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions-date-time.html#label-supported-date-time-parts
     511        def _parse_date_part(self: Snowflake.Parser) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     512            this = self._parse_var() or self._parse_type()
     513
     514            if not this:
     515                return None
     516
     517            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
     518            expression = self._parse_bitwise()
     519            this = _map_date_part(this)
     520            name = this.name.upper()
     521
     522            if name.startswith("EPOCH"):
     523                if name == "EPOCH_MILLISECOND":
     524                    scale = 10**3
     525                elif name == "EPOCH_MICROSECOND":
     526                    scale = 10**6
     527                elif name == "EPOCH_NANOSECOND":
     528                    scale = 10**9
     529                else:
     530                    scale = None
     531
     532                ts = self.expression(exp.Cast, this=expression, to=exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"))
     533                to_unix: exp.Expression = self.expression(exp.TimeToUnix, this=ts)
     534
     535                if scale:
     536                    to_unix = exp.Mul(this=to_unix, expression=exp.Literal.number(scale))
     537
     538                return to_unix
     539
     540            return self.expression(exp.Extract, this=this, expression=expression)
     541
     542        def _parse_bracket_key_value(self, is_map: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     543            if is_map:
     544                # Keys are strings in Snowflake's objects, see also:
     545                # - https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/data-types-semistructured
     546                # - https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/object_construct
     547                return self._parse_slice(self._parse_string())
     548
     549            return self._parse_slice(self._parse_alias(self._parse_conjunction(), explicit=True))
     550
     551        def _parse_lateral(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Lateral]:
     552            lateral = super()._parse_lateral()
     553            if not lateral:
     554                return lateral
     555
     556            if isinstance(lateral.this, exp.Explode):
     557                table_alias = lateral.args.get("alias")
     558                columns = [exp.to_identifier(col) for col in self.FLATTEN_COLUMNS]
     559                if table_alias and not table_alias.args.get("columns"):
     560                    table_alias.set("columns", columns)
     561                elif not table_alias:
     562                    exp.alias_(lateral, "_flattened", table=columns, copy=False)
     563
     564            return lateral
     565
     566        def _parse_at_before(self, table: exp.Table) -> exp.Table:
     567            # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/constructs/at-before
     568            index = self._index
     569            if self._match_texts(("AT", "BEFORE")):
     570                this = self._prev.text.upper()
     571                kind = (
     572                    self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN)
     573                    and self._match_texts(self.HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND)
     574                    and self._prev.text.upper()
     575                )
     576                expression = self._match(TokenType.FARROW) and self._parse_bitwise()
     577
     578                if expression:
     579                    self._match_r_paren()
     580                    when = self.expression(
     581                        exp.HistoricalData, this=this, kind=kind, expression=expression
     582                    )
     583                    table.set("when", when)
     584                else:
     585                    self._retreat(index)
     586
     587            return table
     588
     589        def _parse_table_parts(
     590            self, schema: bool = False, is_db_reference: bool = False, wildcard: bool = False
     591        ) -> exp.Table:
     592            # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/querying-stage
     593            if self._match(TokenType.STRING, advance=False):
     594                table = self._parse_string()
     595            elif self._match_text_seq("@", advance=False):
     596                table = self._parse_location_path()
     597            else:
     598                table = None
     599
     600            if table:
     601                file_format = None
     602                pattern = None
     603
     604                self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN)
     605                while self._curr and not self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN):
     606                    if self._match_text_seq("FILE_FORMAT", "=>"):
     607                        file_format = self._parse_string() or super()._parse_table_parts(
     608                            is_db_reference=is_db_reference
     609                        )
     610                    elif self._match_text_seq("PATTERN", "=>"):
     611                        pattern = self._parse_string()
     612                    else:
     613                        break
     614
     615                    self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
     616
     617                table = self.expression(exp.Table, this=table, format=file_format, pattern=pattern)
     618            else:
     619                table = super()._parse_table_parts(schema=schema, is_db_reference=is_db_reference)
     620
     621            return self._parse_at_before(table)
     622
     623        def _parse_id_var(
     624            self,
     625            any_token: bool = True,
     626            tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
     627        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     628            if self._match_text_seq("IDENTIFIER", "("):
     629                identifier = (
     630                    super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
     631                    or self._parse_string()
     632                )
     633                self._match_r_paren()
     634                return self.expression(exp.Anonymous, this="IDENTIFIER", expressions=[identifier])
     635
     636            return super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
     637
     638        def _parse_show_snowflake(self, this: str) -> exp.Show:
     639            scope = None
     640            scope_kind = None
     641
     642            # will identity SHOW TERSE SCHEMAS but not SHOW TERSE PRIMARY KEYS
     643            # which is syntactically valid but has no effect on the output
     644            terse = self._tokens[self._index - 2].text.upper() == "TERSE"
     645
     646            history = self._match_text_seq("HISTORY")
     647
     648            like = self._parse_string() if self._match(TokenType.LIKE) else None
     649
     650            if self._match(TokenType.IN):
     651                if self._match_text_seq("ACCOUNT"):
     652                    scope_kind = "ACCOUNT"
     653                elif self._match_set(self.DB_CREATABLES):
     654                    scope_kind = self._prev.text.upper()
     655                    if self._curr:
     656                        scope = self._parse_table_parts()
     657                elif self._curr:
     658                    scope_kind = "SCHEMA" if this in self.SCHEMA_KINDS else "TABLE"
     659                    scope = self._parse_table_parts()
     660
     661            return self.expression(
     662                exp.Show,
     663                **{
     664                    "terse": terse,
     665                    "this": this,
     666                    "history": history,
     667                    "like": like,
     668                    "scope": scope,
     669                    "scope_kind": scope_kind,
     670                    "starts_with": self._match_text_seq("STARTS", "WITH") and self._parse_string(),
     671                    "limit": self._parse_limit(),
     672                    "from": self._parse_string() if self._match(TokenType.FROM) else None,
     673                },
     674            )
     675
     676        def _parse_alter_table_swap(self) -> exp.SwapTable:
     677            self._match_text_seq("WITH")
     678            return self.expression(exp.SwapTable, this=self._parse_table(schema=True))
     679
     680        def _parse_location(self) -> exp.LocationProperty:
     681            self._match(TokenType.EQ)
     682            return self.expression(exp.LocationProperty, this=self._parse_location_path())
     683
     684        def _parse_location_path(self) -> exp.Var:
     685            parts = [self._advance_any(ignore_reserved=True)]
     686
     687            # We avoid consuming a comma token because external tables like @foo and @bar
     688            # can be joined in a query with a comma separator.
     689            while self._is_connected() and not self._match(TokenType.COMMA, advance=False):
     690                parts.append(self._advance_any(ignore_reserved=True))
     691
     692            return exp.var("".join(part.text for part in parts if part))
     693
     694    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
     695        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\", "'"]
     696        HEX_STRINGS = [("x'", "'"), ("X'", "'")]
     697        RAW_STRINGS = ["$$"]
     698        COMMENTS = ["--", "//", ("/*", "*/")]
     699
     700        KEYWORDS = {
     701            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
     702            "BYTEINT": TokenType.INT,
     703            "CHAR VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
     704            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
     705            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
     706            "ILIKE ANY": TokenType.ILIKE_ANY,
     707            "LIKE ANY": TokenType.LIKE_ANY,
     708            "MATCH_CONDITION": TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION,
     709            "MATCH_RECOGNIZE": TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE,
     710            "MINUS": TokenType.EXCEPT,
     711            "NCHAR VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
     712            "PUT": TokenType.COMMAND,
     713            "REMOVE": TokenType.COMMAND,
     714            "RENAME": TokenType.REPLACE,
     715            "RM": TokenType.COMMAND,
     716            "SAMPLE": TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE,
     717            "SQL_DOUBLE": TokenType.DOUBLE,
     718            "SQL_VARCHAR": TokenType.VARCHAR,
     719            "STORAGE INTEGRATION": TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION,
     720            "TIMESTAMP_LTZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ,
     721            "TIMESTAMP_NTZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
     722            "TIMESTAMP_TZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
     723            "TIMESTAMPNTZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
     724            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
     725        }
     726
     727        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
     728            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
     729            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
     730        }
     731
     732        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"$"}
     733
     734        COMMANDS = tokens.Tokenizer.COMMANDS - {TokenType.SHOW}
     735
     736    class Generator(generator.Generator):
     737        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
     738        MATCHED_BY_SOURCE = False
     739        SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = True
     740        JOIN_HINTS = False
     741        TABLE_HINTS = False
     742        QUERY_HINTS = False
     743        AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED = False
     744        SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY = False
     745        COLLATE_IS_FUNC = True
     746        LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
     747        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
     748        INSERT_OVERWRITE = " OVERWRITE INTO"
     749        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
     750
     751        TRANSFORMS = {
     752            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
     753            exp.ApproxDistinct: rename_func("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT"),
     754            exp.ArgMax: rename_func("MAX_BY"),
     755            exp.ArgMin: rename_func("MIN_BY"),
     756            exp.Array: inline_array_sql,
     757            exp.ArrayConcat: rename_func("ARRAY_CAT"),
     758            exp.ArrayContains: lambda self, e: self.func("ARRAY_CONTAINS", e.expression, e.this),
     759            exp.AtTimeZone: lambda self, e: self.func(
     760                "CONVERT_TIMEZONE", e.args.get("zone"), e.this
     761            ),
     762            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("BITXOR"),
     763            exp.Create: transforms.preprocess([_flatten_structured_types_unless_iceberg]),
     764            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
     765            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
     766            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
     767            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
     768            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
     769            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
     770            exp.Explode: rename_func("FLATTEN"),
     771            exp.Extract: rename_func("DATE_PART"),
     772            exp.FromTimeZone: lambda self, e: self.func(
     773                "CONVERT_TIMEZONE", e.args.get("zone"), "'UTC'", e.this
     774            ),
     775            exp.GenerateSeries: lambda self, e: self.func(
     776                "ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE", e.args["start"], e.args["end"] + 1, e.args.get("step")
     777            ),
     778            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("LISTAGG"),
     779            exp.If: if_sql(name="IFF", false_value="NULL"),
     780            exp.JSONExtract: lambda self, e: self.func("GET_PATH", e.this, e.expression),
     781            exp.JSONExtractScalar: lambda self, e: self.func(
     782                "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT", e.this, e.expression
     783            ),
     784            exp.JSONObject: lambda self, e: self.func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT_KEEP_NULL", *e.expressions),
     785            exp.JSONPathRoot: lambda *_: "",
     786            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOLAND_AGG"),
     787            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOLOR_AGG"),
     788            exp.Map: lambda self, e: var_map_sql(self, e, "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
     789            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
     790            exp.Min: min_or_least,
     791            exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self, e: f"PARTITION BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
     792            exp.PercentileCont: transforms.preprocess(
     793                [transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]
     794            ),
     795            exp.PercentileDisc: transforms.preprocess(
     796                [transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]
     797            ),
     798            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([_unqualify_unpivot_columns]),
     799            exp.RegexpILike: _regexpilike_sql,
     800            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
     801            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
     802                [
     803                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
     804                    transforms.explode_to_unnest(),
     805                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
     806                ]
     807            ),
     808            exp.SHA: rename_func("SHA1"),
     809            exp.StarMap: rename_func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
     810            exp.StartsWith: rename_func("STARTSWITH"),
     811            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: self.func(
     812                "POSITION", e.args.get("substr"), e.this, e.args.get("position")
     813            ),
     814            exp.StrToTime: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
     815            exp.Stuff: rename_func("INSERT"),
     816            exp.TimeAdd: date_delta_sql("TIMEADD"),
     817            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
     818                "TIMESTAMPDIFF", e.unit, e.expression, e.this
     819            ),
     820            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql,
     821            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
     822            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func(
     823                "TO_CHAR", exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP), self.format_time(e)
     824            ),
     825            exp.TimeToUnix: lambda self, e: f"EXTRACT(epoch_second FROM {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
     826            exp.ToArray: rename_func("TO_ARRAY"),
     827            exp.ToChar: lambda self, e: self.function_fallback_sql(e),
     828            exp.Trim: lambda self, e: self.func("TRIM", e.this, e.expression),
     829            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD", cast=True),
     830            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
     831            exp.TsOrDsToDate: lambda self, e: self.func(
     832                "TRY_TO_DATE" if e.args.get("safe") else "TO_DATE", e.this, self.format_time(e)
     833            ),
     834            exp.UnixToTime: rename_func("TO_TIMESTAMP"),
     835            exp.VarMap: lambda self, e: var_map_sql(self, e, "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
     836            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
     837            exp.Xor: rename_func("BOOLXOR"),
     838        }
     839
     840        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
     841            exp.JSONPathKey,
     842            exp.JSONPathRoot,
     843            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
     844        }
     845
     846        TYPE_MAPPING = {
     847            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
     848            exp.DataType.Type.NESTED: "OBJECT",
     849            exp.DataType.Type.STRUCT: "OBJECT",
     850            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "TIMESTAMPNTZ",
     851        }
     852
     853        STAR_MAPPING = {
     854            "except": "EXCLUDE",
     855            "replace": "RENAME",
     856        }
     857
     858        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
     859            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
     860            exp.SetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
     861            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
     862        }
     863
     864        UNSUPPORTED_VALUES_EXPRESSIONS = {
     865            exp.Struct,
     866        }
     867
     868        def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values, values_as_table: bool = True) -> str:
     869            if expression.find(*self.UNSUPPORTED_VALUES_EXPRESSIONS):
     870                values_as_table = False
     871
     872            return super().values_sql(expression, values_as_table=values_as_table)
     873
     874        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
     875            expressions = expression.expressions
     876            if (
     877                expressions
     878                and expression.is_type(*exp.DataType.STRUCT_TYPES)
     879                and any(isinstance(field_type, exp.DataType) for field_type in expressions)
     880            ):
     881                # The correct syntax is OBJECT [ (<key> <value_type [NOT NULL] [, ...]) ]
     882                return "OBJECT"
     883
     884            return super().datatype_sql(expression)
     885
     886        def tonumber_sql(self, expression: exp.ToNumber) -> str:
     887            return self.func(
     888                "TO_NUMBER",
     889                expression.this,
     890                expression.args.get("format"),
     891                expression.args.get("precision"),
     892                expression.args.get("scale"),
     893            )
     894
     895        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
     896            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
     897            if milli is not None:
     898                milli_to_nano = milli.pop() * exp.Literal.number(1000000)
     899                expression.set("nano", milli_to_nano)
     900
     901            return rename_func("TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS")(self, expression)
     902
     903        def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
     904            value = expression.this
     905
     906            if value.type is None:
     907                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
     908
     909                value = annotate_types(value)
     910
     911            if value.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES, exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN):
     912                return super().trycast_sql(expression)
     913
     914            # TRY_CAST only works for string values in Snowflake
     915            return self.cast_sql(expression)
     916
     917        def log_sql(self, expression: exp.Log) -> str:
     918            if not expression.expression:
     919                return self.func("LN", expression.this)
     920
     921            return super().log_sql(expression)
     922
     923        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
     924            unnest_alias = expression.args.get("alias")
     925            offset = expression.args.get("offset")
     926
     927            columns = [
     928                exp.to_identifier("seq"),
     929                exp.to_identifier("key"),
     930                exp.to_identifier("path"),
     931                offset.pop() if isinstance(offset, exp.Expression) else exp.to_identifier("index"),
     932                seq_get(unnest_alias.columns if unnest_alias else [], 0)
     933                or exp.to_identifier("value"),
     934                exp.to_identifier("this"),
     935            ]
     936
     937            if unnest_alias:
     938                unnest_alias.set("columns", columns)
     939            else:
     940                unnest_alias = exp.TableAlias(this="_u", columns=columns)
     941
     942            explode = f"TABLE(FLATTEN(INPUT => {self.sql(expression.expressions[0])}))"
     943            alias = self.sql(unnest_alias)
     944            alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else ""
     945            return f"{explode}{alias}"
     946
     947        def show_sql(self, expression: exp.Show) -> str:
     948            terse = "TERSE " if expression.args.get("terse") else ""
     949            history = " HISTORY" if expression.args.get("history") else ""
     950            like = self.sql(expression, "like")
     951            like = f" LIKE {like}" if like else ""
     952
     953            scope = self.sql(expression, "scope")
     954            scope = f" {scope}" if scope else ""
     955
     956            scope_kind = self.sql(expression, "scope_kind")
     957            if scope_kind:
     958                scope_kind = f" IN {scope_kind}"
     959
     960            starts_with = self.sql(expression, "starts_with")
     961            if starts_with:
     962                starts_with = f" STARTS WITH {starts_with}"
     963
     964            limit = self.sql(expression, "limit")
     965
     966            from_ = self.sql(expression, "from")
     967            if from_:
     968                from_ = f" FROM {from_}"
     969
     970            return f"SHOW {terse}{expression.name}{history}{like}{scope_kind}{scope}{starts_with}{limit}{from_}"
     971
     972        def regexpextract_sql(self, expression: exp.RegexpExtract) -> str:
     973            # Other dialects don't support all of the following parameters, so we need to
     974            # generate default values as necessary to ensure the transpilation is correct
     975            group = expression.args.get("group")
     976            parameters = expression.args.get("parameters") or (group and exp.Literal.string("c"))
     977            occurrence = expression.args.get("occurrence") or (parameters and exp.Literal.number(1))
     978            position = expression.args.get("position") or (occurrence and exp.Literal.number(1))
     979
     980            return self.func(
     981                "REGEXP_SUBSTR",
     982                expression.this,
     983                expression.expression,
     984                position,
     985                occurrence,
     986                parameters,
     987                group,
     988            )
     989
     990        def except_op(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str:
     991            if not expression.args.get("distinct"):
     992                self.unsupported("EXCEPT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
     993            return super().except_op(expression)
     994
     995        def intersect_op(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str:
     996            if not expression.args.get("distinct"):
     997                self.unsupported("INTERSECT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
     998            return super().intersect_op(expression)
     999
    1000        def describe_sql(self, expression: exp.Describe) -> str:
    1001            # Default to table if kind is unknown
    1002            kind_value = expression.args.get("kind") or "TABLE"
    1003            kind = f" {kind_value}" if kind_value else ""
    1004            this = f" {self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
    1005            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
    1006            expressions = f" {expressions}" if expressions else ""
    1007            return f"DESCRIBE{kind}{this}{expressions}"
    1008
    1009        def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql(
    1010            self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
    1011        ) -> str:
    1012            start = expression.args.get("start")
    1013            start = f" START {start}" if start else ""
    1014            increment = expression.args.get("increment")
    1015            increment = f" INCREMENT {increment}" if increment else ""
    1016            return f"AUTOINCREMENT{start}{increment}"
    1017
    1018        def swaptable_sql(self, expression: exp.SwapTable) -> str:
    1019            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1020            return f"SWAP WITH {this}"
    1021
    1022        def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str:
    1023            return self.properties(properties, wrapped=False, prefix=self.seg(""), sep=" ")
    1024
    1025        def cluster_sql(self, expression: exp.Cluster) -> str:
    1026            return f"CLUSTER BY ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})"
    1027
    1028        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
    1029            keys = []
    1030            values = []
    1031
    1032            for i, e in enumerate(expression.expressions):
    1033                if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ):
    1034                    keys.append(
    1035                        exp.Literal.string(e.name) if isinstance(e.this, exp.Identifier) else e.this
    1036                    )
    1037                    values.append(e.expression)
    1038                else:
    1039                    keys.append(exp.Literal.string(f"_{i}"))
    1040                    values.append(e)
    1041
    1042            return self.func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT", *flatten(zip(keys, values)))

NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = <NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE: 'UPPERCASE'>

Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized.

NULL_ORDERING = 'nulls_are_large'

Default `NULL` ordering method to use if not explicitly set. Possible values: `"nulls_are_small"`, `"nulls_are_large"`, `"nulls_are_last"`

TIME_FORMAT = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'"
SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False

Whether user-defined data types are supported.

SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False

Whether `SEMI` or `ANTI` joins are supported.

PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN = True

Some dialects, such as Snowflake, allow you to reference a CTE column alias in the HAVING clause of the CTE. This flag will cause the CTE alias columns to override any projection aliases in the subquery.

For example, WITH y(c) AS ( SELECT SUM(a) FROM (SELECT 1 a) AS x HAVING c > 0 ) SELECT c FROM y;

    will be rewritten as

    WITH y(c) AS (
        SELECT SUM(a) AS c FROM (SELECT 1 AS a) AS x HAVING c > 0
    ) SELECT c FROM y;

TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = True

Whether a size in the table sample clause represents percentage.

TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'YYYY': '%Y', 'yyyy': '%Y', 'YY': '%y', 'yy': '%y', 'MMMM': '%B', 'mmmm': '%B', 'MON': '%b', 'mon': '%b', 'MM': '%m', 'mm': '%m', 'DD': '%d', 'dd': '%-d', 'DY': '%a', 'dy': '%w', 'HH24': '%H', 'hh24': '%H', 'HH12': '%I', 'hh12': '%I', 'MI': '%M', 'mi': '%M', 'SS': '%S', 'ss': '%S', 'FF': '%f', 'ff': '%f', 'FF6': '%f', 'ff6': '%f'}

Associates this dialect's time formats with their equivalent Python `strftime` formats.

def quote_identifier(self, expression: ~E, identify: bool = True) -> ~E: View Source

    324    def quote_identifier(self, expression: E, identify: bool = True) -> E:
    325        # This disables quoting DUAL in SELECT ... FROM DUAL, because Snowflake treats an
    326        # unquoted DUAL keyword in a special way and does not map it to a user-defined table
    327        if (
    328            isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier)
    329            and isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Table)
    330            and expression.name.lower() == "dual"
    331        ):
    332            return expression  # type: ignore
    333
    334        return super().quote_identifier(expression, identify=identify)

Adds quotes to a given identifier.

###### Arguments:

- expression: The expression of interest. If it's not an `Identifier`, this method is a no-op.
- identify: If set to `False`, the quotes will only be added if the identifier is deemed "unsafe", with respect to its characters and this dialect's normalization strategy.

UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {'\\a': '\x07', '\\b': '\x08', '\\f': '\x0c', '\\n': '\n', '\\r': '\r', '\\t': '\t', '\\v': '\x0b', '\\\\': '\\'}

Mapping of an escaped sequence (`\n`) to its unescaped version (`` ).

tokenizer_class = <class 'Snowflake.Tokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'Snowflake.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'Snowflake.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'Y': {'Y': {'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'y': {'y': {'y': {'y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'M': {'M': {'M': {'M': {0: True}}, 0: True}, 'O': {'N': {0: True}}, 'I': {0: True}}, 'm': {'m': {'m': {'m': {0: True}}, 0: True}, 'o': {'n': {0: True}}, 'i': {0: True}}, 'D': {'D': {0: True}, 'Y': {0: True}}, 'd': {'d': {0: True}, 'y': {0: True}}, 'H': {'H': {'2': {'4': {0: True}}, '1': {'2': {0: True}}}}, 'h': {'h': {'2': {'4': {0: True}}, '1': {'2': {0: True}}}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}, 's': {'s': {0: True}}, 'F': {'F': {0: True, '6': {0: True}}}, 'f': {'f': {0: True, '6': {0: True}}}}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {'Y': {'Y': {'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'y': {'y': {'y': {'y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'M': {'M': {'M': {'M': {0: True}}, 0: True}, 'O': {'N': {0: True}}, 'I': {0: True}}, 'm': {'m': {'m': {'m': {0: True}}, 0: True}, 'o': {'n': {0: True}}, 'i': {0: True}}, 'D': {'D': {0: True}, 'Y': {0: True}}, 'd': {'d': {0: True}, 'y': {0: True}}, 'H': {'H': {'2': {'4': {0: True}}, '1': {'2': {0: True}}}}, 'h': {'h': {'2': {'4': {0: True}}, '1': {'2': {0: True}}}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}, 's': {'s': {0: True}}, 'F': {'F': {0: True, '6': {0: True}}}, 'f': {'f': {0: True, '6': {0: True}}}}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'%Y': 'yyyy', '%y': 'yy', '%B': 'mmmm', '%b': 'mon', '%m': 'mm', '%d': 'DD', '%-d': 'dd', '%a': 'DY', '%w': 'dy', '%H': 'hh24', '%I': 'hh12', '%M': 'mi', '%S': 'ss', '%f': 'ff6'}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'Y': {0: True}, 'y': {0: True}, 'B': {0: True}, 'b': {0: True}, 'm': {0: True}, 'd': {0: True}, '-': {'d': {0: True}}, 'a': {0: True}, 'w': {0: True}, 'H': {0: True}, 'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'S': {0: True}, 'f': {0: True}}}
ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {'\x07': '\\a', '\x08': '\\b', '\x0c': '\\f', '\n': '\\n', '\r': '\\r', '\t': '\\t', '\x0b': '\\v', '\\': '\\\\'}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
BIT_START: Optional[str] = None
BIT_END: Optional[str] = None
HEX_START: Optional[str] = "x'"
HEX_END: Optional[str] = "'"
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_START: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_END: Optional[str] = None

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect
  Dialect
  INDEX_OFFSET
  WEEK_OFFSET
  UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY
  ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE
  IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT
  DPIPE_IS_STRING_CONCAT
  STRICT_STRING_CONCAT
  NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS
  LOG_BASE_FIRST
  TYPED_DIVISION
  SAFE_DIVISION
  CONCAT_COALESCE
  DATE_FORMAT
  DATEINT_FORMAT
  FORMAT_MAPPING
  PSEUDOCOLUMNS
  get_or_raise
  format_time
  normalize_identifier
  case_sensitive
  can_identify
  to_json_path
  parse
  parse_into
  generate
  transpile
  tokenize
  tokenizer
  parser
  generator

class Snowflake.Parser(sqlglot.parser.Parser): View Source

    336    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    337        IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS = True
    338
    339        ID_VAR_TOKENS = {
    340            *parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS,
    341            TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION,
    342        }
    343
    344        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS | {TokenType.WINDOW}
    345        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS.discard(TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION)
    346
    347        FUNCTIONS = {
    348            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    349            "ARRAYAGG": exp.ArrayAgg.from_arg_list,
    350            "ARRAY_CONSTRUCT": exp.Array.from_arg_list,
    351            "ARRAY_CONTAINS": lambda args: exp.ArrayContains(
    352                this=seq_get(args, 1), expression=seq_get(args, 0)
    353            ),
    354            "ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE": lambda args: exp.GenerateSeries(
    355                # ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE has an exlusive end; we normalize it to be inclusive
    356                start=seq_get(args, 0),
    357                end=exp.Sub(this=seq_get(args, 1), expression=exp.Literal.number(1)),
    358                step=seq_get(args, 2),
    359            ),
    360            "BITXOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
    361            "BIT_XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
    362            "BOOLXOR": binary_from_function(exp.Xor),
    363            "CONVERT_TIMEZONE": _build_convert_timezone,
    364            "DATE": _build_datetime("DATE", exp.DataType.Type.DATE),
    365            "DATE_TRUNC": _date_trunc_to_time,
    366            "DATEADD": _build_date_time_add(exp.DateAdd),
    367            "DATEDIFF": _build_datediff,
    368            "DIV0": _build_if_from_div0,
    369            "FLATTEN": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
    370            "GET_PATH": lambda args, dialect: exp.JSONExtract(
    371                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=dialect.to_json_path(seq_get(args, 1))
    372            ),
    373            "IFF": exp.If.from_arg_list,
    374            "LAST_DAY": lambda args: exp.LastDay(
    375                this=seq_get(args, 0), unit=_map_date_part(seq_get(args, 1))
    376            ),
    377            "LISTAGG": exp.GroupConcat.from_arg_list,
    378            "MEDIAN": lambda args: exp.PercentileCont(
    379                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(0.5)
    380            ),
    381            "NULLIFZERO": _build_if_from_nullifzero,
    382            "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT": _build_object_construct,
    383            "REGEXP_REPLACE": _build_regexp_replace,
    384            "REGEXP_SUBSTR": exp.RegexpExtract.from_arg_list,
    385            "RLIKE": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
    386            "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)),
    387            "TIMEADD": _build_date_time_add(exp.TimeAdd),
    388            "TIMEDIFF": _build_datediff,
    389            "TIMESTAMPADD": _build_date_time_add(exp.DateAdd),
    390            "TIMESTAMPDIFF": _build_datediff,
    391            "TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS": _build_timestamp_from_parts,
    392            "TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS": _build_timestamp_from_parts,
    393            "TRY_TO_DATE": _build_datetime("TRY_TO_DATE", exp.DataType.Type.DATE, safe=True),
    394            "TO_DATE": _build_datetime("TO_DATE", exp.DataType.Type.DATE),
    395            "TO_NUMBER": lambda args: exp.ToNumber(
    396                this=seq_get(args, 0),
    397                format=seq_get(args, 1),
    398                precision=seq_get(args, 2),
    399                scale=seq_get(args, 3),
    400            ),
    401            "TO_TIME": _build_datetime("TO_TIME", exp.DataType.Type.TIME),
    402            "TO_TIMESTAMP": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
    403            "TO_TIMESTAMP_LTZ": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP_LTZ", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPLTZ),
    404            "TO_TIMESTAMP_NTZ": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP_NTZ", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
    405            "TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ),
    406            "TO_VARCHAR": exp.ToChar.from_arg_list,
    407            "ZEROIFNULL": _build_if_from_zeroifnull,
    408        }
    409
    410        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    411            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    412            "DATE_PART": lambda self: self._parse_date_part(),
    413            "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT_KEEP_NULL": lambda self: self._parse_json_object(),
    414        }
    415        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")
    416
    417        TIMESTAMPS = parser.Parser.TIMESTAMPS - {TokenType.TIME}
    418
    419        RANGE_PARSERS = {
    420            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
    421            TokenType.LIKE_ANY: parser.binary_range_parser(exp.LikeAny),
    422            TokenType.ILIKE_ANY: parser.binary_range_parser(exp.ILikeAny),
    423        }
    424
    425        ALTER_PARSERS = {
    426            **parser.Parser.ALTER_PARSERS,
    427            "SET": lambda self: self._parse_set(tag=self._match_text_seq("TAG")),
    428            "UNSET": lambda self: self.expression(
    429                exp.Set,
    430                tag=self._match_text_seq("TAG"),
    431                expressions=self._parse_csv(self._parse_id_var),
    432                unset=True,
    433            ),
    434            "SWAP": lambda self: self._parse_alter_table_swap(),
    435        }
    436
    437        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
    438            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
    439            TokenType.SHOW: lambda self: self._parse_show(),
    440        }
    441
    442        PROPERTY_PARSERS = {
    443            **parser.Parser.PROPERTY_PARSERS,
    444            "LOCATION": lambda self: self._parse_location(),
    445        }
    446
    447        SHOW_PARSERS = {
    448            "SCHEMAS": _show_parser("SCHEMAS"),
    449            "TERSE SCHEMAS": _show_parser("SCHEMAS"),
    450            "OBJECTS": _show_parser("OBJECTS"),
    451            "TERSE OBJECTS": _show_parser("OBJECTS"),
    452            "TABLES": _show_parser("TABLES"),
    453            "TERSE TABLES": _show_parser("TABLES"),
    454            "VIEWS": _show_parser("VIEWS"),
    455            "TERSE VIEWS": _show_parser("VIEWS"),
    456            "PRIMARY KEYS": _show_parser("PRIMARY KEYS"),
    457            "TERSE PRIMARY KEYS": _show_parser("PRIMARY KEYS"),
    458            "IMPORTED KEYS": _show_parser("IMPORTED KEYS"),
    459            "TERSE IMPORTED KEYS": _show_parser("IMPORTED KEYS"),
    460            "UNIQUE KEYS": _show_parser("UNIQUE KEYS"),
    461            "TERSE UNIQUE KEYS": _show_parser("UNIQUE KEYS"),
    462            "SEQUENCES": _show_parser("SEQUENCES"),
    463            "TERSE SEQUENCES": _show_parser("SEQUENCES"),
    464            "COLUMNS": _show_parser("COLUMNS"),
    465            "USERS": _show_parser("USERS"),
    466            "TERSE USERS": _show_parser("USERS"),
    467        }
    468
    469        STAGED_FILE_SINGLE_TOKENS = {
    470            TokenType.DOT,
    471            TokenType.MOD,
    472            TokenType.SLASH,
    473        }
    474
    475        FLATTEN_COLUMNS = ["SEQ", "KEY", "PATH", "INDEX", "VALUE", "THIS"]
    476
    477        SCHEMA_KINDS = {"OBJECTS", "TABLES", "VIEWS", "SEQUENCES", "UNIQUE KEYS", "IMPORTED KEYS"}
    478
    479        def _parse_column_ops(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    480            this = super()._parse_column_ops(this)
    481
    482            casts = []
    483            json_path = []
    484
    485            while self._match(TokenType.COLON):
    486                path = super()._parse_column_ops(self._parse_field(any_token=True))
    487
    488                # The cast :: operator has a lower precedence than the extraction operator :, so
    489                # we rearrange the AST appropriately to avoid casting the 2nd argument of GET_PATH
    490                while isinstance(path, exp.Cast):
    491                    casts.append(path.to)
    492                    path = path.this
    493
    494                if path:
    495                    json_path.append(path.sql(dialect="snowflake", copy=False))
    496
    497            if json_path:
    498                this = self.expression(
    499                    exp.JSONExtract,
    500                    this=this,
    501                    expression=self.dialect.to_json_path(exp.Literal.string(".".join(json_path))),
    502                )
    503
    504                while casts:
    505                    this = self.expression(exp.Cast, this=this, to=casts.pop())
    506
    507            return this
    508
    509        # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/date_part.html
    510        # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions-date-time.html#label-supported-date-time-parts
    511        def _parse_date_part(self: Snowflake.Parser) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    512            this = self._parse_var() or self._parse_type()
    513
    514            if not this:
    515                return None
    516
    517            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    518            expression = self._parse_bitwise()
    519            this = _map_date_part(this)
    520            name = this.name.upper()
    521
    522            if name.startswith("EPOCH"):
    523                if name == "EPOCH_MILLISECOND":
    524                    scale = 10**3
    525                elif name == "EPOCH_MICROSECOND":
    526                    scale = 10**6
    527                elif name == "EPOCH_NANOSECOND":
    528                    scale = 10**9
    529                else:
    530                    scale = None
    531
    532                ts = self.expression(exp.Cast, this=expression, to=exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"))
    533                to_unix: exp.Expression = self.expression(exp.TimeToUnix, this=ts)
    534
    535                if scale:
    536                    to_unix = exp.Mul(this=to_unix, expression=exp.Literal.number(scale))
    537
    538                return to_unix
    539
    540            return self.expression(exp.Extract, this=this, expression=expression)
    541
    542        def _parse_bracket_key_value(self, is_map: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    543            if is_map:
    544                # Keys are strings in Snowflake's objects, see also:
    545                # - https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/data-types-semistructured
    546                # - https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/object_construct
    547                return self._parse_slice(self._parse_string())
    548
    549            return self._parse_slice(self._parse_alias(self._parse_conjunction(), explicit=True))
    550
    551        def _parse_lateral(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Lateral]:
    552            lateral = super()._parse_lateral()
    553            if not lateral:
    554                return lateral
    555
    556            if isinstance(lateral.this, exp.Explode):
    557                table_alias = lateral.args.get("alias")
    558                columns = [exp.to_identifier(col) for col in self.FLATTEN_COLUMNS]
    559                if table_alias and not table_alias.args.get("columns"):
    560                    table_alias.set("columns", columns)
    561                elif not table_alias:
    562                    exp.alias_(lateral, "_flattened", table=columns, copy=False)
    563
    564            return lateral
    565
    566        def _parse_at_before(self, table: exp.Table) -> exp.Table:
    567            # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/constructs/at-before
    568            index = self._index
    569            if self._match_texts(("AT", "BEFORE")):
    570                this = self._prev.text.upper()
    571                kind = (
    572                    self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN)
    573                    and self._match_texts(self.HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND)
    574                    and self._prev.text.upper()
    575                )
    576                expression = self._match(TokenType.FARROW) and self._parse_bitwise()
    577
    578                if expression:
    579                    self._match_r_paren()
    580                    when = self.expression(
    581                        exp.HistoricalData, this=this, kind=kind, expression=expression
    582                    )
    583                    table.set("when", when)
    584                else:
    585                    self._retreat(index)
    586
    587            return table
    588
    589        def _parse_table_parts(
    590            self, schema: bool = False, is_db_reference: bool = False, wildcard: bool = False
    591        ) -> exp.Table:
    592            # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/querying-stage
    593            if self._match(TokenType.STRING, advance=False):
    594                table = self._parse_string()
    595            elif self._match_text_seq("@", advance=False):
    596                table = self._parse_location_path()
    597            else:
    598                table = None
    599
    600            if table:
    601                file_format = None
    602                pattern = None
    603
    604                self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN)
    605                while self._curr and not self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN):
    606                    if self._match_text_seq("FILE_FORMAT", "=>"):
    607                        file_format = self._parse_string() or super()._parse_table_parts(
    608                            is_db_reference=is_db_reference
    609                        )
    610                    elif self._match_text_seq("PATTERN", "=>"):
    611                        pattern = self._parse_string()
    612                    else:
    613                        break
    614
    615                    self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    616
    617                table = self.expression(exp.Table, this=table, format=file_format, pattern=pattern)
    618            else:
    619                table = super()._parse_table_parts(schema=schema, is_db_reference=is_db_reference)
    620
    621            return self._parse_at_before(table)
    622
    623        def _parse_id_var(
    624            self,
    625            any_token: bool = True,
    626            tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
    627        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    628            if self._match_text_seq("IDENTIFIER", "("):
    629                identifier = (
    630                    super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
    631                    or self._parse_string()
    632                )
    633                self._match_r_paren()
    634                return self.expression(exp.Anonymous, this="IDENTIFIER", expressions=[identifier])
    635
    636            return super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
    637
    638        def _parse_show_snowflake(self, this: str) -> exp.Show:
    639            scope = None
    640            scope_kind = None
    641
    642            # will identity SHOW TERSE SCHEMAS but not SHOW TERSE PRIMARY KEYS
    643            # which is syntactically valid but has no effect on the output
    644            terse = self._tokens[self._index - 2].text.upper() == "TERSE"
    645
    646            history = self._match_text_seq("HISTORY")
    647
    648            like = self._parse_string() if self._match(TokenType.LIKE) else None
    649
    650            if self._match(TokenType.IN):
    651                if self._match_text_seq("ACCOUNT"):
    652                    scope_kind = "ACCOUNT"
    653                elif self._match_set(self.DB_CREATABLES):
    654                    scope_kind = self._prev.text.upper()
    655                    if self._curr:
    656                        scope = self._parse_table_parts()
    657                elif self._curr:
    658                    scope_kind = "SCHEMA" if this in self.SCHEMA_KINDS else "TABLE"
    659                    scope = self._parse_table_parts()
    660
    661            return self.expression(
    662                exp.Show,
    663                **{
    664                    "terse": terse,
    665                    "this": this,
    666                    "history": history,
    667                    "like": like,
    668                    "scope": scope,
    669                    "scope_kind": scope_kind,
    670                    "starts_with": self._match_text_seq("STARTS", "WITH") and self._parse_string(),
    671                    "limit": self._parse_limit(),
    672                    "from": self._parse_string() if self._match(TokenType.FROM) else None,
    673                },
    674            )
    675
    676        def _parse_alter_table_swap(self) -> exp.SwapTable:
    677            self._match_text_seq("WITH")
    678            return self.expression(exp.SwapTable, this=self._parse_table(schema=True))
    679
    680        def _parse_location(self) -> exp.LocationProperty:
    681            self._match(TokenType.EQ)
    682            return self.expression(exp.LocationProperty, this=self._parse_location_path())
    683
    684        def _parse_location_path(self) -> exp.Var:
    685            parts = [self._advance_any(ignore_reserved=True)]
    686
    687            # We avoid consuming a comma token because external tables like @foo and @bar
    688            # can be joined in a query with a comma separator.
    689            while self._is_connected() and not self._match(TokenType.COMMA, advance=False):
    690                parts.append(self._advance_any(ignore_reserved=True))
    691
    692            return exp.var("".join(part.text for part in parts if part))

Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the Tokenizer and produces a parsed syntax tree.

###### Arguments:

- error_level: The desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
- error_message_context: The amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 100
- max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3

IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS = True
ID_VAR_TOKENS = {<TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION: 'MATCH_CONDITION'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>}
TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = {<TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>}
FUNCTIONS = {'ABS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>>, 'ADD_MONTHS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AddMonths'>>, 'ANONYMOUS_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnonymousAggFunc'>>, 'ANY_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>>, 'APPROX_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>>, 'APPROX_TOP_K': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxTopK'>>, 'ARG_MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARGMAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'MAX_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARG_MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARGMIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'MIN_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>>, 'ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAll'>>, 'ARRAY_ANY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>>, 'ARRAY_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_OVERLAPS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>>, 'ARRAY_SIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySort'>>, 'ARRAY_SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>>, 'ARRAY_TO_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_JOIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_UNION_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUnionAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_UNIQUE_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>>, 'AVG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>>, 'CASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>>, 'CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>>, 'CAST_TO_STR_TYPE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CastToStrType'>>, 'CBRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cbrt'>>, 'CEIL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CEILING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CHR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>>, 'CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>>, 'COALESCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'IFNULL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'NVL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'COLLATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>>, 'COMBINED_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedAggFunc'>>, 'COMBINED_PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedParameterizedAgg'>>, 'CONCAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONCAT_WS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONNECT_BY_ROOT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>>, 'CONVERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Convert'>>, 'CORR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Corr'>>, 'COUNT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Count'>>, 'COUNT_IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COUNTIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COVAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarPop'>>, 'COVAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarSamp'>>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>>, 'CURRENT_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'CURRENT_USER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'DATE': <function _build_datetime.<locals>._builder>, 'DATE_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>>, 'DATEDIFF': <function _build_datediff>, 'DATE_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>>, 'DATE_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATE_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>>, 'DATE_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>>, 'DATE_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATE_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>>, 'DATE_TRUNC': <function _date_trunc_to_time>, 'DATETIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>>, 'DATETIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>>, 'DATETIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>>, 'DATETIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeTrunc'>>, 'DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Day'>>, 'DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAYOFMONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAY_OF_WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAY_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DAYOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DECODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Decode'>>, 'DI_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>>, 'ENCODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Encode'>>, 'EXP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exp'>>, 'EXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'EXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodeOuter'>>, 'EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>>, 'FIRST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.First'>>, 'FIRST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FirstValue'>>, 'FLATTEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'FLOOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>>, 'FROM_BASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>>, 'FROM_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase64'>>, 'GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateDateArray'>>, 'GENERATE_SERIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries'>>, 'GREATEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Greatest'>>, 'GROUP_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'HEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hex'>>, 'HLL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hll'>>, 'IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'IIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'INITCAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>>, 'IS_INF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'ISINF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'IS_NAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'ISNAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArray'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayAgg'>>, 'JSON_ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayContains'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_FORMAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObjectAgg'>>, 'J_S_O_N_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONTable'>>, 'LAG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lag'>>, 'LAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Last'>>, 'LAST_DAY': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastValue'>>, 'LEAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lead'>>, 'LEAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Least'>>, 'LEFT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Left'>>, 'LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEVENSHTEIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>>, 'LN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>>, 'LOG': <function build_logarithm>, 'LOGICAL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOLAND_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'LOGICAL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOLOR_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'LOWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'LCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'MD5': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5'>>, 'MD5_DIGEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>>, 'MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>>, 'MAP_FROM_ENTRIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>>, 'MATCH_AGAINST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MatchAgainst'>>, 'MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>>, 'MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>>, 'MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>>, 'MONTHS_BETWEEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>>, 'NEXT_VALUE_FOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NextValueFor'>>, 'NTH_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NthValue'>>, 'NULLIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nullif'>>, 'NUMBER_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr'>>, 'NVL2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nvl2'>>, 'OPEN_J_S_O_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OpenJSON'>>, 'PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParameterizedAgg'>>, 'PARSE_JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_PARSE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'PERCENTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'PERCENTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'POSEXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Posexplode'>>, 'POSEXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PosexplodeOuter'>>, 'POWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'POW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'PREDICT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Predict'>>, 'QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>>, 'QUARTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quarter'>>, 'RAND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDOM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Randn'>>, 'RANGE_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RangeN'>>, 'READ_CSV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReadCSV'>>, 'REDUCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Reduce'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract'>>, 'REGEXP_I_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>>, 'REGEXP_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'REGEXP_REPLACE': <function _build_regexp_replace>, 'REGEXP_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'REPEAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'RIGHT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Right'>>, 'ROUND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>>, 'ROW_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowNumber'>>, 'SHA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA1': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>>, 'SAFE_DIVIDE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>>, 'SIGN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SIGNUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SORT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'SQRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>>, 'STANDARD_HASH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StandardHash'>>, 'STAR_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>>, 'STARTS_WITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STARTSWITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STDDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDDEV_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>>, 'STDDEV_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>>, 'STR_POSITION': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>>, 'STR_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>>, 'STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>>, 'STRUCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STRUCT_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>>, 'STUFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'SUBSTRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>>, 'TIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>>, 'TIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>>, 'TIME_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIMEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>>, 'TIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>>, 'TIME_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>>, 'TIME_TO_TIME_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIME_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'TIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeTrunc'>>, 'TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>>, 'TIMESTAMPDIFF': <function _build_datediff>, 'TIMESTAMP_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS': <function _build_timestamp_from_parts>, 'TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS': <function _build_timestamp_from_parts>, 'TIMESTAMP_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>>, 'TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToArray'>>, 'TO_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase64'>>, 'TO_CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>>, 'TO_DAYS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDays'>>, 'TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>>, 'TO_NUMBER': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRANSFORM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>>, 'TRIM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>>, 'TRY_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>>, 'TS_OR_DI_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTimestamp'>>, 'UNHEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>>, 'UNIX_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixDate'>>, 'UNIX_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>>, 'UPPER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'UCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'VAR_MAP': <function build_var_map>, 'VARIANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'VAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>>, 'WEEK_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WEEKOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WHEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.When'>>, 'X_M_L_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLTable'>>, 'XOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>>, 'YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>>, 'GLOB': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'LIKE': <function build_like>, 'LOG2': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG10': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MOD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAYAGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_CONSTRUCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>>, 'ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'BITXOR': <function binary_from_function.<locals>.<lambda>>, 'BIT_XOR': <function binary_from_function.<locals>.<lambda>>, 'BOOLXOR': <function binary_from_function.<locals>.<lambda>>, 'CONVERT_TIMEZONE': <function _build_convert_timezone>, 'DATEADD': <function _build_date_time_add.<locals>._builder>, 'DIV0': <function _build_if_from_div0>, 'GET_PATH': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'IFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'LISTAGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'MEDIAN': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'NULLIFZERO': <function _build_if_from_nullifzero>, 'OBJECT_CONSTRUCT': <function _build_object_construct>, 'REGEXP_SUBSTR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract'>>, 'RLIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'SQUARE': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIMEADD': <function _build_date_time_add.<locals>._builder>, 'TIMEDIFF': <function _build_datediff>, 'TIMESTAMPADD': <function _build_date_time_add.<locals>._builder>, 'TRY_TO_DATE': <function _build_datetime.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_DATE': <function _build_datetime.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_TIME': <function _build_datetime.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_TIMESTAMP': <function _build_datetime.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_TIMESTAMP_LTZ': <function _build_datetime.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_TIMESTAMP_NTZ': <function _build_datetime.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ': <function _build_datetime.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_VARCHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>>, 'ZEROIFNULL': <function _build_if_from_zeroifnull>}
FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DECODE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXTRACT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECTAGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_TABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MATCH': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OPENJSON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'POSITION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PREDICT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SAFE_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRING_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SUBSTRING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATE_PART': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'OBJECT_CONSTRUCT_KEEP_NULL': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>}
TIMESTAMPS = {<TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>}
RANGE_PARSERS = {<TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.IRLIKE: 'IRLIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LIKE_ANY: 'LIKE_ANY'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ILIKE_ANY: 'ILIKE_ANY'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>}
ALTER_PARSERS = {'ADD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ALTER': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CLUSTER BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DELETE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DROP': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RENAME': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SET': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'UNSET': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'SWAP': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>}
STATEMENT_PARSERS = {<TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>: <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>}
PROPERTY_PARSERS = {'ALGORITHM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'AUTO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'BACKUP': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'BLOCKCOMPRESSION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHARSET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHARACTER SET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHECKSUM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CLUSTER BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CLUSTERED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COLLATE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COMMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONTAINS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COPY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATABLOCKSIZE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DEFINER': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DETERMINISTIC': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DISTKEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DISTSTYLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ENGINE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXECUTE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXTERNAL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FALLBACK': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FORMAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FREESPACE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GLOBAL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'HEAP': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ICEBERG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'IMMUTABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'INHERITS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'INPUT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JOURNAL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LANGUAGE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LAYOUT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LIFETIME': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LIKE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOCATION': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOCK': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOCKING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MATERIALIZED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MERGEBLOCKRATIO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MODIFIES': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MULTISET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ORDER BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OUTPUT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITION BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RANGE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'READS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'REMOTE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RETURNS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ROW': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ROW_FORMAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SAMPLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SETTINGS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SHARING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SORTKEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SOURCE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STORED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SYSTEM_VERSIONING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TBLPROPERTIES': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TEMP': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TEMPORARY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRANSIENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRANSFORM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TTL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'USING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'UNLOGGED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'VOLATILE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'WITH': <function Parser.<lambda>>}
SHOW_PARSERS = {'SCHEMAS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TERSE SCHEMAS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'OBJECTS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TERSE OBJECTS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TABLES': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TERSE TABLES': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'VIEWS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TERSE VIEWS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'PRIMARY KEYS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TERSE PRIMARY KEYS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'IMPORTED KEYS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TERSE IMPORTED KEYS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'UNIQUE KEYS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TERSE UNIQUE KEYS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'SEQUENCES': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TERSE SEQUENCES': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'COLUMNS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'USERS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TERSE USERS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>}
STAGED_FILE_SINGLE_TOKENS = {<TokenType.DOT: 'DOT'>, <TokenType.MOD: 'MOD'>, <TokenType.SLASH: 'SLASH'>}
FLATTEN_COLUMNS = ['SEQ', 'KEY', 'PATH', 'INDEX', 'VALUE', 'THIS']
SCHEMA_KINDS = {'IMPORTED KEYS', 'UNIQUE KEYS', 'SEQUENCES', 'OBJECTS', 'TABLES', 'VIEWS'}
SHOW_TRIE: Dict = {'SCHEMAS': {0: True}, 'TERSE': {'SCHEMAS': {0: True}, 'OBJECTS': {0: True}, 'TABLES': {0: True}, 'VIEWS': {0: True}, 'PRIMARY': {'KEYS': {0: True}}, 'IMPORTED': {'KEYS': {0: True}}, 'UNIQUE': {'KEYS': {0: True}}, 'SEQUENCES': {0: True}, 'USERS': {0: True}}, 'OBJECTS': {0: True}, 'TABLES': {0: True}, 'VIEWS': {0: True}, 'PRIMARY': {'KEYS': {0: True}}, 'IMPORTED': {'KEYS': {0: True}}, 'UNIQUE': {'KEYS': {0: True}}, 'SEQUENCES': {0: True}, 'COLUMNS': {0: True}, 'USERS': {0: True}}
SET_TRIE: Dict = {'GLOBAL': {0: True}, 'LOCAL': {0: True}, 'SESSION': {0: True}, 'TRANSACTION': {0: True}}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.parser.Parser
  Parser
  NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS
  STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS
  NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS
  ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS
  AGGREGATE_TYPE_TOKENS
  TYPE_TOKENS
  SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN
  SUBQUERY_PREDICATES
  RESERVED_TOKENS
  DB_CREATABLES
  CREATABLES
  INTERVAL_VARS
  ALIAS_TOKENS
  COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  TRIM_TYPES
  FUNC_TOKENS
  CONJUNCTION
  EQUALITY
  COMPARISON
  BITWISE
  TERM
  FACTOR
  EXPONENT
  TIMES
  SET_OPERATIONS
  JOIN_METHODS
  JOIN_SIDES
  JOIN_KINDS
  JOIN_HINTS
  LAMBDAS
  COLUMN_OPERATORS
  EXPRESSION_PARSERS
  UNARY_PARSERS
  STRING_PARSERS
  NUMERIC_PARSERS
  PRIMARY_PARSERS
  PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS
  CONSTRAINT_PARSERS
  SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS
  NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS
  INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS
  FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS
  KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS
  QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS
  SET_PARSERS
  TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS
  DDL_SELECT_TOKENS
  PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS
  TRANSACTION_KIND
  TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS
  CONFLICT_ACTIONS
  CREATE_SEQUENCE
  ISOLATED_LOADING_OPTIONS
  USABLES
  CAST_ACTIONS
  INSERT_ALTERNATIVES
  CLONE_KEYWORDS
  HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND
  OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS
  OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
  TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS
  VIEW_ATTRIBUTES
  WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS
  WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS
  WINDOW_SIDES
  JSON_KEY_VALUE_SEPARATOR_TOKENS
  FETCH_TOKENS
  ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS
  DISTINCT_TOKENS
  NULL_TOKENS
  UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS
  SELECT_START_TOKENS
  STRICT_CAST
  PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS
  LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN
  ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN
  TABLESAMPLE_CSV
  SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER
  TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST
  STRING_ALIASES
  MODIFIERS_ATTACHED_TO_UNION
  UNION_MODIFIERS
  NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS
  JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
  VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN
  SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST
  INTERVAL_SPANS
  SUPPORTS_PARTITION_SELECTION
  error_level
  error_message_context
  max_errors
  dialect
  reset
  parse
  parse_into
  check_errors
  raise_error
  expression
  validate_expression
  errors
  sql

class Snowflake.Tokenizer(sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer): View Source

    694    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    695        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\", "'"]
    696        HEX_STRINGS = [("x'", "'"), ("X'", "'")]
    697        RAW_STRINGS = ["$$"]
    698        COMMENTS = ["--", "//", ("/*", "*/")]
    699
    700        KEYWORDS = {
    701            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    702            "BYTEINT": TokenType.INT,
    703            "CHAR VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
    704            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
    705            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
    706            "ILIKE ANY": TokenType.ILIKE_ANY,
    707            "LIKE ANY": TokenType.LIKE_ANY,
    708            "MATCH_CONDITION": TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION,
    709            "MATCH_RECOGNIZE": TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE,
    710            "MINUS": TokenType.EXCEPT,
    711            "NCHAR VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
    712            "PUT": TokenType.COMMAND,
    713            "REMOVE": TokenType.COMMAND,
    714            "RENAME": TokenType.REPLACE,
    715            "RM": TokenType.COMMAND,
    716            "SAMPLE": TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE,
    717            "SQL_DOUBLE": TokenType.DOUBLE,
    718            "SQL_VARCHAR": TokenType.VARCHAR,
    719            "STORAGE INTEGRATION": TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION,
    720            "TIMESTAMP_LTZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ,
    721            "TIMESTAMP_NTZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
    722            "TIMESTAMP_TZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
    723            "TIMESTAMPNTZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
    724            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
    725        }
    726
    727        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
    728            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
    729            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
    730        }
    731
    732        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"$"}
    733
    734        COMMANDS = tokens.Tokenizer.COMMANDS - {TokenType.SHOW}

STRING_ESCAPES = ['\\', "'"]
HEX_STRINGS = [("x'", "'"), ("X'", "'")]
RAW_STRINGS = ['$$']
COMMENTS = ['--', '//', ('/*', '*/')]
KEYWORDS = {'{%': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '+%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '{{+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{{-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '+}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '/*+': <TokenType.HINT: 'HINT'>, '==': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '::': <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>, '||': <TokenType.DPIPE: 'DPIPE'>, '>=': <TokenType.GTE: 'GTE'>, '<=': <TokenType.LTE: 'LTE'>, '<>': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, '!=': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, ':=': <TokenType.COLON_EQ: 'COLON_EQ'>, '<=>': <TokenType.NULLSAFE_EQ: 'NULLSAFE_EQ'>, '->': <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>, '->>': <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>, '=>': <TokenType.FARROW: 'FARROW'>, '#>': <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>, '#>>': <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>, '<->': <TokenType.LR_ARROW: 'LR_ARROW'>, '&&': <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>, '??': <TokenType.DQMARK: 'DQMARK'>, 'ALL': <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, 'ALWAYS': <TokenType.ALWAYS: 'ALWAYS'>, 'AND': <TokenType.AND: 'AND'>, 'ANTI': <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, 'ANY': <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, 'ASC': <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, 'AS': <TokenType.ALIAS: 'ALIAS'>, 'ASOF': <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, 'AUTOINCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'BEGIN': <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, 'BETWEEN': <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>, 'CACHE': <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, 'UNCACHE': <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>, 'CASE': <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, 'CHARACTER SET': <TokenType.CHARACTER_SET: 'CHARACTER_SET'>, 'CLUSTER BY': <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>, 'COLLATE': <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, 'COLUMN': <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, 'COMMIT': <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, 'CONNECT BY': <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>, 'CONSTRAINT': <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, 'CREATE': <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>, 'CROSS': <TokenType.CROSS: 'CROSS'>, 'CUBE': <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, 'CURRENT_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'DATABASE': <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, 'DEFAULT': <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, 'DELETE': <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, 'DESC': <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, 'DESCRIBE': <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, 'DISTINCT': <TokenType.DISTINCT: 'DISTINCT'>, 'DISTRIBUTE BY': <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>, 'DIV': <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, 'DROP': <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>, 'ELSE': <TokenType.ELSE: 'ELSE'>, 'END': <TokenType.END: 'END'>, 'ENUM': <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, 'ESCAPE': <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, 'EXCEPT': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'EXECUTE': <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, 'EXISTS': <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, 'FALSE': <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, 'FETCH': <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, 'FILTER': <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, 'FIRST': <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, 'FULL': <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, 'FUNCTION': <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, 'FOR': <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, 'FORMAT': <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, 'FROM': <TokenType.FROM: 'FROM'>, 'GEOGRAPHY': <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, 'GEOMETRY': <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, 'GLOB': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, 'GROUP BY': <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>, 'GROUPING SETS': <TokenType.GROUPING_SETS: 'GROUPING_SETS'>, 'HAVING': <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>, 'ILIKE': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, 'IN': <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>, 'INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'INET': <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, 'INNER': <TokenType.INNER: 'INNER'>, 'INSERT': <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>, 'INTERVAL': <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, 'INTERSECT': <TokenType.INTERSECT: 'INTERSECT'>, 'INTO': <TokenType.INTO: 'INTO'>, 'IS': <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, 'ISNULL': <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, 'JOIN': <TokenType.JOIN: 'JOIN'>, 'KEEP': <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, 'KILL': <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, 'LATERAL': <TokenType.LATERAL: 'LATERAL'>, 'LEFT': <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, 'LIKE': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, 'LIMIT': <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, 'LOAD': <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, 'LOCK': <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>, 'MERGE': <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, 'NATURAL': <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, 'NEXT': <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, 'NOT': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, 'NOTNULL': <TokenType.NOTNULL: 'NOTNULL'>, 'NULL': <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, 'OBJECT': <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, 'OFFSET': <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, 'ON': <TokenType.ON: 'ON'>, 'OR': <TokenType.OR: 'OR'>, 'XOR': <TokenType.XOR: 'XOR'>, 'ORDER BY': <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>, 'ORDINALITY': <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, 'OUTER': <TokenType.OUTER: 'OUTER'>, 'OVER': <TokenType.OVER: 'OVER'>, 'OVERLAPS': <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, 'OVERWRITE': <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, 'PARTITION': <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, 'PARTITION BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PERCENT': <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, 'PIVOT': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'PRAGMA': <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY: 'PRIMARY_KEY'>, 'PROCEDURE': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'QUALIFY': <TokenType.QUALIFY: 'QUALIFY'>, 'RANGE': <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, 'RECURSIVE': <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, 'REGEXP': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'REPLACE': <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, 'RETURNING': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'REFERENCES': <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, 'RIGHT': <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, 'RLIKE': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'ROLLBACK': <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>, 'ROLLUP': <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, 'ROW': <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, 'ROWS': <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, 'SCHEMA': <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, 'SELECT': <TokenType.SELECT: 'SELECT'>, 'SEMI': <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, 'SET': <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, 'SETTINGS': <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, 'SHOW': <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, 'SIMILAR TO': <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>, 'SOME': <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, 'SORT BY': <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>, 'START WITH': <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>, 'TABLE': <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, 'TABLESAMPLE': <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>, 'TEMP': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'TEMPORARY': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'THEN': <TokenType.THEN: 'THEN'>, 'TRUE': <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, 'TRUNCATE': <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, 'UNION': <TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>, 'UNKNOWN': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, 'UNNEST': <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, 'UNPIVOT': <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, 'UPDATE': <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, 'USE': <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, 'USING': <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>, 'UUID': <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, 'VALUES': <TokenType.VALUES: 'VALUES'>, 'VIEW': <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, 'VOLATILE': <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, 'WHEN': <TokenType.WHEN: 'WHEN'>, 'WHERE': <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>, 'WINDOW': <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, 'WITH': <TokenType.WITH: 'WITH'>, 'APPLY': <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, 'ARRAY': <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, 'BIT': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'BOOL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BOOLEAN': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BYTE': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'MEDIUMINT': <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, 'INT1': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'TINYINT': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'INT16': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SHORT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SMALLINT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INT128': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'HUGEINT': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'INT2': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INTEGER': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT4': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT32': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT64': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'LONG': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'BIGINT': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT8': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'UINT': <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, 'DEC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'BIGDECIMAL': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'BIGNUMERIC': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'MAP': <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, 'NULLABLE': <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, 'NUMBER': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'NUMERIC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'FIXED': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'REAL': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT4': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT8': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE PRECISION': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'JSON': <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, 'CHAR': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'CHARACTER': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'NCHAR': <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR2': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR2': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'BPCHAR': <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, 'STR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STRING': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'TEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGTEXT': <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, 'MEDIUMTEXT': <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, 'TINYTEXT': <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, 'CLOB': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGVARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'BINARY': <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, 'BLOB': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'LONGBLOB': <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, 'MEDIUMBLOB': <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, 'TINYBLOB': <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, 'BYTEA': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'VARBINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'TIME': <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, 'TIMETZ': <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, 'TIMESTAMPTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPLTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'DATE': <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, 'DATETIME': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'INT4RANGE': <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, 'INT4MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, 'INT8RANGE': <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, 'INT8MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, 'NUMRANGE': <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, 'NUMMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSRANGE': <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, 'TSMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSTZRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, 'TSTZMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, 'DATERANGE': <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, 'DATEMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, 'UNIQUE': <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, 'STRUCT': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, 'SEQUENCE': <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, 'VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'ALTER': <TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>, 'ANALYZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'CALL': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'COMMENT': <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, 'COPY': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'EXPLAIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'GRANT': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'OPTIMIZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PREPARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VACUUM': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'USER-DEFINED': <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, 'FOR VERSION': <TokenType.VERSION_SNAPSHOT: 'VERSION_SNAPSHOT'>, 'FOR TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, 'BYTEINT': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'CHAR VARYING': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'CHARACTER VARYING': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'EXCLUDE': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'ILIKE ANY': <TokenType.ILIKE_ANY: 'ILIKE_ANY'>, 'LIKE ANY': <TokenType.LIKE_ANY: 'LIKE_ANY'>, 'MATCH_CONDITION': <TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION: 'MATCH_CONDITION'>, 'MATCH_RECOGNIZE': <TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE: 'MATCH_RECOGNIZE'>, 'MINUS': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'NCHAR VARYING': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'PUT': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'REMOVE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'RENAME': <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, 'RM': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'SAMPLE': <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>, 'SQL_DOUBLE': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'SQL_VARCHAR': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'STORAGE INTEGRATION': <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, 'TIMESTAMP_LTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_NTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, 'TIMESTAMP_TZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPNTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, 'TOP': <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>}
SINGLE_TOKENS = {'(': <TokenType.L_PAREN: 'L_PAREN'>, ')': <TokenType.R_PAREN: 'R_PAREN'>, '[': <TokenType.L_BRACKET: 'L_BRACKET'>, ']': <TokenType.R_BRACKET: 'R_BRACKET'>, '{': <TokenType.L_BRACE: 'L_BRACE'>, '}': <TokenType.R_BRACE: 'R_BRACE'>, '&': <TokenType.AMP: 'AMP'>, '^': <TokenType.CARET: 'CARET'>, ':': <TokenType.COLON: 'COLON'>, ',': <TokenType.COMMA: 'COMMA'>, '.': <TokenType.DOT: 'DOT'>, '-': <TokenType.DASH: 'DASH'>, '=': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '>': <TokenType.GT: 'GT'>, '<': <TokenType.LT: 'LT'>, '%': <TokenType.MOD: 'MOD'>, '!': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, '|': <TokenType.PIPE: 'PIPE'>, '+': <TokenType.PLUS: 'PLUS'>, ';': <TokenType.SEMICOLON: 'SEMICOLON'>, '/': <TokenType.SLASH: 'SLASH'>, '\\': <TokenType.BACKSLASH: 'BACKSLASH'>, '*': <TokenType.STAR: 'STAR'>, '~': <TokenType.TILDA: 'TILDA'>, '?': <TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: 'PLACEHOLDER'>, '@': <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>, "'": <TokenType.QUOTE: 'QUOTE'>, '`': <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, '"': <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, '#': <TokenType.HASH: 'HASH'>, '$': <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>}
VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {'$'}
COMMANDS = {<TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer
  Tokenizer
  BIT_STRINGS
  BYTE_STRINGS
  HEREDOC_STRINGS
  UNICODE_STRINGS
  IDENTIFIERS
  IDENTIFIER_ESCAPES
  QUOTES
  HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER
  HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE
  WHITE_SPACE
  COMMAND_PREFIX_TOKENS
  NUMERIC_LITERALS
  dialect
  reset
  tokenize
  tokenize_rs
  size
  sql
  tokens

class Snowflake.Generator(sqlglot.generator.Generator): View Source

     736    class Generator(generator.Generator):
     737        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
     738        MATCHED_BY_SOURCE = False
     739        SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = True
     740        JOIN_HINTS = False
     741        TABLE_HINTS = False
     742        QUERY_HINTS = False
     743        AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED = False
     744        SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY = False
     745        COLLATE_IS_FUNC = True
     746        LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
     747        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
     748        INSERT_OVERWRITE = " OVERWRITE INTO"
     749        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
     750
     751        TRANSFORMS = {
     752            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
     753            exp.ApproxDistinct: rename_func("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT"),
     754            exp.ArgMax: rename_func("MAX_BY"),
     755            exp.ArgMin: rename_func("MIN_BY"),
     756            exp.Array: inline_array_sql,
     757            exp.ArrayConcat: rename_func("ARRAY_CAT"),
     758            exp.ArrayContains: lambda self, e: self.func("ARRAY_CONTAINS", e.expression, e.this),
     759            exp.AtTimeZone: lambda self, e: self.func(
     760                "CONVERT_TIMEZONE", e.args.get("zone"), e.this
     761            ),
     762            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("BITXOR"),
     763            exp.Create: transforms.preprocess([_flatten_structured_types_unless_iceberg]),
     764            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
     765            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
     766            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
     767            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
     768            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
     769            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
     770            exp.Explode: rename_func("FLATTEN"),
     771            exp.Extract: rename_func("DATE_PART"),
     772            exp.FromTimeZone: lambda self, e: self.func(
     773                "CONVERT_TIMEZONE", e.args.get("zone"), "'UTC'", e.this
     774            ),
     775            exp.GenerateSeries: lambda self, e: self.func(
     776                "ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE", e.args["start"], e.args["end"] + 1, e.args.get("step")
     777            ),
     778            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("LISTAGG"),
     779            exp.If: if_sql(name="IFF", false_value="NULL"),
     780            exp.JSONExtract: lambda self, e: self.func("GET_PATH", e.this, e.expression),
     781            exp.JSONExtractScalar: lambda self, e: self.func(
     782                "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT", e.this, e.expression
     783            ),
     784            exp.JSONObject: lambda self, e: self.func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT_KEEP_NULL", *e.expressions),
     785            exp.JSONPathRoot: lambda *_: "",
     786            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOLAND_AGG"),
     787            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOLOR_AGG"),
     788            exp.Map: lambda self, e: var_map_sql(self, e, "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
     789            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
     790            exp.Min: min_or_least,
     791            exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self, e: f"PARTITION BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
     792            exp.PercentileCont: transforms.preprocess(
     793                [transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]
     794            ),
     795            exp.PercentileDisc: transforms.preprocess(
     796                [transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]
     797            ),
     798            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([_unqualify_unpivot_columns]),
     799            exp.RegexpILike: _regexpilike_sql,
     800            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
     801            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
     802                [
     803                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
     804                    transforms.explode_to_unnest(),
     805                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
     806                ]
     807            ),
     808            exp.SHA: rename_func("SHA1"),
     809            exp.StarMap: rename_func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
     810            exp.StartsWith: rename_func("STARTSWITH"),
     811            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: self.func(
     812                "POSITION", e.args.get("substr"), e.this, e.args.get("position")
     813            ),
     814            exp.StrToTime: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
     815            exp.Stuff: rename_func("INSERT"),
     816            exp.TimeAdd: date_delta_sql("TIMEADD"),
     817            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
     818                "TIMESTAMPDIFF", e.unit, e.expression, e.this
     819            ),
     820            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql,
     821            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
     822            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func(
     823                "TO_CHAR", exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP), self.format_time(e)
     824            ),
     825            exp.TimeToUnix: lambda self, e: f"EXTRACT(epoch_second FROM {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
     826            exp.ToArray: rename_func("TO_ARRAY"),
     827            exp.ToChar: lambda self, e: self.function_fallback_sql(e),
     828            exp.Trim: lambda self, e: self.func("TRIM", e.this, e.expression),
     829            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD", cast=True),
     830            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
     831            exp.TsOrDsToDate: lambda self, e: self.func(
     832                "TRY_TO_DATE" if e.args.get("safe") else "TO_DATE", e.this, self.format_time(e)
     833            ),
     834            exp.UnixToTime: rename_func("TO_TIMESTAMP"),
     835            exp.VarMap: lambda self, e: var_map_sql(self, e, "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
     836            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
     837            exp.Xor: rename_func("BOOLXOR"),
     838        }
     839
     840        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
     841            exp.JSONPathKey,
     842            exp.JSONPathRoot,
     843            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
     844        }
     845
     846        TYPE_MAPPING = {
     847            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
     848            exp.DataType.Type.NESTED: "OBJECT",
     849            exp.DataType.Type.STRUCT: "OBJECT",
     850            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "TIMESTAMPNTZ",
     851        }
     852
     853        STAR_MAPPING = {
     854            "except": "EXCLUDE",
     855            "replace": "RENAME",
     856        }
     857
     858        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
     859            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
     860            exp.SetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
     861            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
     862        }
     863
     864        UNSUPPORTED_VALUES_EXPRESSIONS = {
     865            exp.Struct,
     866        }
     867
     868        def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values, values_as_table: bool = True) -> str:
     869            if expression.find(*self.UNSUPPORTED_VALUES_EXPRESSIONS):
     870                values_as_table = False
     871
     872            return super().values_sql(expression, values_as_table=values_as_table)
     873
     874        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
     875            expressions = expression.expressions
     876            if (
     877                expressions
     878                and expression.is_type(*exp.DataType.STRUCT_TYPES)
     879                and any(isinstance(field_type, exp.DataType) for field_type in expressions)
     880            ):
     881                # The correct syntax is OBJECT [ (<key> <value_type [NOT NULL] [, ...]) ]
     882                return "OBJECT"
     883
     884            return super().datatype_sql(expression)
     885
     886        def tonumber_sql(self, expression: exp.ToNumber) -> str:
     887            return self.func(
     888                "TO_NUMBER",
     889                expression.this,
     890                expression.args.get("format"),
     891                expression.args.get("precision"),
     892                expression.args.get("scale"),
     893            )
     894
     895        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
     896            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
     897            if milli is not None:
     898                milli_to_nano = milli.pop() * exp.Literal.number(1000000)
     899                expression.set("nano", milli_to_nano)
     900
     901            return rename_func("TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS")(self, expression)
     902
     903        def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
     904            value = expression.this
     905
     906            if value.type is None:
     907                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
     908
     909                value = annotate_types(value)
     910
     911            if value.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES, exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN):
     912                return super().trycast_sql(expression)
     913
     914            # TRY_CAST only works for string values in Snowflake
     915            return self.cast_sql(expression)
     916
     917        def log_sql(self, expression: exp.Log) -> str:
     918            if not expression.expression:
     919                return self.func("LN", expression.this)
     920
     921            return super().log_sql(expression)
     922
     923        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
     924            unnest_alias = expression.args.get("alias")
     925            offset = expression.args.get("offset")
     926
     927            columns = [
     928                exp.to_identifier("seq"),
     929                exp.to_identifier("key"),
     930                exp.to_identifier("path"),
     931                offset.pop() if isinstance(offset, exp.Expression) else exp.to_identifier("index"),
     932                seq_get(unnest_alias.columns if unnest_alias else [], 0)
     933                or exp.to_identifier("value"),
     934                exp.to_identifier("this"),
     935            ]
     936
     937            if unnest_alias:
     938                unnest_alias.set("columns", columns)
     939            else:
     940                unnest_alias = exp.TableAlias(this="_u", columns=columns)
     941
     942            explode = f"TABLE(FLATTEN(INPUT => {self.sql(expression.expressions[0])}))"
     943            alias = self.sql(unnest_alias)
     944            alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else ""
     945            return f"{explode}{alias}"
     946
     947        def show_sql(self, expression: exp.Show) -> str:
     948            terse = "TERSE " if expression.args.get("terse") else ""
     949            history = " HISTORY" if expression.args.get("history") else ""
     950            like = self.sql(expression, "like")
     951            like = f" LIKE {like}" if like else ""
     952
     953            scope = self.sql(expression, "scope")
     954            scope = f" {scope}" if scope else ""
     955
     956            scope_kind = self.sql(expression, "scope_kind")
     957            if scope_kind:
     958                scope_kind = f" IN {scope_kind}"
     959
     960            starts_with = self.sql(expression, "starts_with")
     961            if starts_with:
     962                starts_with = f" STARTS WITH {starts_with}"
     963
     964            limit = self.sql(expression, "limit")
     965
     966            from_ = self.sql(expression, "from")
     967            if from_:
     968                from_ = f" FROM {from_}"
     969
     970            return f"SHOW {terse}{expression.name}{history}{like}{scope_kind}{scope}{starts_with}{limit}{from_}"
     971
     972        def regexpextract_sql(self, expression: exp.RegexpExtract) -> str:
     973            # Other dialects don't support all of the following parameters, so we need to
     974            # generate default values as necessary to ensure the transpilation is correct
     975            group = expression.args.get("group")
     976            parameters = expression.args.get("parameters") or (group and exp.Literal.string("c"))
     977            occurrence = expression.args.get("occurrence") or (parameters and exp.Literal.number(1))
     978            position = expression.args.get("position") or (occurrence and exp.Literal.number(1))
     979
     980            return self.func(
     981                "REGEXP_SUBSTR",
     982                expression.this,
     983                expression.expression,
     984                position,
     985                occurrence,
     986                parameters,
     987                group,
     988            )
     989
     990        def except_op(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str:
     991            if not expression.args.get("distinct"):
     992                self.unsupported("EXCEPT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
     993            return super().except_op(expression)
     994
     995        def intersect_op(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str:
     996            if not expression.args.get("distinct"):
     997                self.unsupported("INTERSECT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
     998            return super().intersect_op(expression)
     999
    1000        def describe_sql(self, expression: exp.Describe) -> str:
    1001            # Default to table if kind is unknown
    1002            kind_value = expression.args.get("kind") or "TABLE"
    1003            kind = f" {kind_value}" if kind_value else ""
    1004            this = f" {self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
    1005            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
    1006            expressions = f" {expressions}" if expressions else ""
    1007            return f"DESCRIBE{kind}{this}{expressions}"
    1008
    1009        def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql(
    1010            self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
    1011        ) -> str:
    1012            start = expression.args.get("start")
    1013            start = f" START {start}" if start else ""
    1014            increment = expression.args.get("increment")
    1015            increment = f" INCREMENT {increment}" if increment else ""
    1016            return f"AUTOINCREMENT{start}{increment}"
    1017
    1018        def swaptable_sql(self, expression: exp.SwapTable) -> str:
    1019            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1020            return f"SWAP WITH {this}"
    1021
    1022        def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str:
    1023            return self.properties(properties, wrapped=False, prefix=self.seg(""), sep=" ")
    1024
    1025        def cluster_sql(self, expression: exp.Cluster) -> str:
    1026            return f"CLUSTER BY ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})"
    1027
    1028        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
    1029            keys = []
    1030            values = []
    1031
    1032            for i, e in enumerate(expression.expressions):
    1033                if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ):
    1034                    keys.append(
    1035                        exp.Literal.string(e.name) if isinstance(e.this, exp.Identifier) else e.this
    1036                    )
    1037                    values.append(e.expression)
    1038                else:
    1039                    keys.append(exp.Literal.string(f"_{i}"))
    1040                    values.append(e)
    1041
    1042            return self.func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT", *flatten(zip(keys, values)))

Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.

###### Arguments:

- pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
- identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
- normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
- pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. Default: 2.
- indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of subqueries and filters under a `WHERE` clause. Default: 2.
- normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
- unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
- max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
- leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
- max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
- comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True

PARAMETER_TOKEN = '$'
MATCHED_BY_SOURCE = False
SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = True
JOIN_HINTS = False
TABLE_HINTS = False
QUERY_HINTS = False
AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED = False
SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY = False
COLLATE_IS_FUNC = True
LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ','
INSERT_OVERWRITE = ' OVERWRITE INTO'
STRUCT_DELIMITER = ('(', ')')
TRANSFORMS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CommentColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFormatColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefaultColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EphemeralColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExcludeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InlineLengthColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntervalSpan'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NonClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnUpdateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PathColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TitleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UppercaseColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithOperator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>: <function inline_array_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AtTimeZone'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Create'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>: <function datestrtodate_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromTimeZone'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>: <function if_sql.<locals>._if_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>: <function max_or_greatest>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>: <function min_or_least>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pivot'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>: <function _regexpilike_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Select'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>: <function timestamptrunc_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function timestrtotime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToArray'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>}
SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>}
TYPE_MAPPING = {<Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>: 'CHAR', <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>: 'VARCHAR', <Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.INET: 'INET'>: 'INET', <Type.NESTED: 'NESTED'>: 'OBJECT', <Type.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>: 'OBJECT', <Type.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'}
STAR_MAPPING = {'except': 'EXCLUDE', 'replace': 'RENAME'}
PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.AlgorithmProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoIncrementProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BlockCompressionProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ChecksumProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cluster'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredByProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataBlocksizeProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefinerProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictRange'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistStyleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EngineProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FallbackProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FileFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FreespaceProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsolatedLoadingProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JournalProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LikeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockingProperty'>: <Location.POST_ALIAS: 'POST_ALIAS'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeBlockRatioProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Order'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedOfProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PrimaryKey'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Property'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatDelimitedProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatSerdeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SchemaCommentProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SerdeProperties'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Set'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SequenceProperties'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeTreeTTL'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithDataProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSystemVersioningProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>}
UNSUPPORTED_VALUES_EXPRESSIONS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>}
def values_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Values, values_as_table: bool = True) -> str: View Source

    868        def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values, values_as_table: bool = True) -> str:
    869            if expression.find(*self.UNSUPPORTED_VALUES_EXPRESSIONS):
    870                values_as_table = False
    871
    872            return super().values_sql(expression, values_as_table=values_as_table)

def datatype_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.DataType) -> str: View Source

    874        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
    875            expressions = expression.expressions
    876            if (
    877                expressions
    878                and expression.is_type(*exp.DataType.STRUCT_TYPES)
    879                and any(isinstance(field_type, exp.DataType) for field_type in expressions)
    880            ):
    881                # The correct syntax is OBJECT [ (<key> <value_type [NOT NULL] [, ...]) ]
    882                return "OBJECT"
    883
    884            return super().datatype_sql(expression)

def tonumber_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ToNumber) -> str: View Source

    886        def tonumber_sql(self, expression: exp.ToNumber) -> str:
    887            return self.func(
    888                "TO_NUMBER",
    889                expression.this,
    890                expression.args.get("format"),
    891                expression.args.get("precision"),
    892                expression.args.get("scale"),
    893            )

def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts) -> str: View Source

    895        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
    896            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
    897            if milli is not None:
    898                milli_to_nano = milli.pop() * exp.Literal.number(1000000)
    899                expression.set("nano", milli_to_nano)
    900
    901            return rename_func("TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS")(self, expression)

def trycast_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TryCast) -> str: View Source

    903        def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
    904            value = expression.this
    905
    906            if value.type is None:
    907                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    908
    909                value = annotate_types(value)
    910
    911            if value.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES, exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN):
    912                return super().trycast_sql(expression)
    913
    914            # TRY_CAST only works for string values in Snowflake
    915            return self.cast_sql(expression)

def log_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Log) -> str: View Source

    917        def log_sql(self, expression: exp.Log) -> str:
    918            if not expression.expression:
    919                return self.func("LN", expression.this)
    920
    921            return super().log_sql(expression)

def unnest_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Unnest) -> str: View Source

    923        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    924            unnest_alias = expression.args.get("alias")
    925            offset = expression.args.get("offset")
    926
    927            columns = [
    928                exp.to_identifier("seq"),
    929                exp.to_identifier("key"),
    930                exp.to_identifier("path"),
    931                offset.pop() if isinstance(offset, exp.Expression) else exp.to_identifier("index"),
    932                seq_get(unnest_alias.columns if unnest_alias else [], 0)
    933                or exp.to_identifier("value"),
    934                exp.to_identifier("this"),
    935            ]
    936
    937            if unnest_alias:
    938                unnest_alias.set("columns", columns)
    939            else:
    940                unnest_alias = exp.TableAlias(this="_u", columns=columns)
    941
    942            explode = f"TABLE(FLATTEN(INPUT => {self.sql(expression.expressions[0])}))"
    943            alias = self.sql(unnest_alias)
    944            alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else ""
    945            return f"{explode}{alias}"

def show_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Show) -> str: View Source

    947        def show_sql(self, expression: exp.Show) -> str:
    948            terse = "TERSE " if expression.args.get("terse") else ""
    949            history = " HISTORY" if expression.args.get("history") else ""
    950            like = self.sql(expression, "like")
    951            like = f" LIKE {like}" if like else ""
    952
    953            scope = self.sql(expression, "scope")
    954            scope = f" {scope}" if scope else ""
    955
    956            scope_kind = self.sql(expression, "scope_kind")
    957            if scope_kind:
    958                scope_kind = f" IN {scope_kind}"
    959
    960            starts_with = self.sql(expression, "starts_with")
    961            if starts_with:
    962                starts_with = f" STARTS WITH {starts_with}"
    963
    964            limit = self.sql(expression, "limit")
    965
    966            from_ = self.sql(expression, "from")
    967            if from_:
    968                from_ = f" FROM {from_}"
    969
    970            return f"SHOW {terse}{expression.name}{history}{like}{scope_kind}{scope}{starts_with}{limit}{from_}"

def regexpextract_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract) -> str: View Source

    972        def regexpextract_sql(self, expression: exp.RegexpExtract) -> str:
    973            # Other dialects don't support all of the following parameters, so we need to
    974            # generate default values as necessary to ensure the transpilation is correct
    975            group = expression.args.get("group")
    976            parameters = expression.args.get("parameters") or (group and exp.Literal.string("c"))
    977            occurrence = expression.args.get("occurrence") or (parameters and exp.Literal.number(1))
    978            position = expression.args.get("position") or (occurrence and exp.Literal.number(1))
    979
    980            return self.func(
    981                "REGEXP_SUBSTR",
    982                expression.this,
    983                expression.expression,
    984                position,
    985                occurrence,
    986                parameters,
    987                group,
    988            )

def except_op(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Except) -> str: View Source

    990        def except_op(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str:
    991            if not expression.args.get("distinct"):
    992                self.unsupported("EXCEPT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
    993            return super().except_op(expression)

def intersect_op(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Intersect) -> str: View Source

    995        def intersect_op(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str:
    996            if not expression.args.get("distinct"):
    997                self.unsupported("INTERSECT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
    998            return super().intersect_op(expression)

def describe_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Describe) -> str: View Source

    1000        def describe_sql(self, expression: exp.Describe) -> str:
    1001            # Default to table if kind is unknown
    1002            kind_value = expression.args.get("kind") or "TABLE"
    1003            kind = f" {kind_value}" if kind_value else ""
    1004            this = f" {self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
    1005            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
    1006            expressions = f" {expressions}" if expressions else ""
    1007            return f"DESCRIBE{kind}{this}{expressions}"

def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint) -> str: View Source

    1009        def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql(
    1010            self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
    1011        ) -> str:
    1012            start = expression.args.get("start")
    1013            start = f" START {start}" if start else ""
    1014            increment = expression.args.get("increment")
    1015            increment = f" INCREMENT {increment}" if increment else ""
    1016            return f"AUTOINCREMENT{start}{increment}"

def swaptable_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.SwapTable) -> str: View Source

    1018        def swaptable_sql(self, expression: exp.SwapTable) -> str:
    1019            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1020            return f"SWAP WITH {this}"

def with_properties(self, properties: sqlglot.expressions.Properties) -> str: View Source

    1022        def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str:
    1023            return self.properties(properties, wrapped=False, prefix=self.seg(""), sep=" ")

def cluster_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Cluster) -> str: View Source

    1025        def cluster_sql(self, expression: exp.Cluster) -> str:
    1026            return f"CLUSTER BY ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})"

def struct_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Struct) -> str: View Source

    1028        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
    1029            keys = []
    1030            values = []
    1031
    1032            for i, e in enumerate(expression.expressions):
    1033                if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ):
    1034                    keys.append(
    1035                        exp.Literal.string(e.name) if isinstance(e.this, exp.Identifier) else e.this
    1036                    )
    1037                    values.append(e.expression)
    1038                else:
    1039                    keys.append(exp.Literal.string(f"_{i}"))
    1040                    values.append(e)
    1041
    1042            return self.func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT", *flatten(zip(keys, values)))

SELECT_KINDS: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = {'qualify': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'windows': <function Generator.<lambda>>}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.generator.Generator
  Generator
  NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED
  IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC
  LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED
  EXPLICIT_UNION
  WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES
  CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS
  INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM
  LIMIT_FETCH
  RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB
  GROUPINGS_SEP
  INDEX_ON
  QUERY_HINT_SEP
  IS_BOOL_ALLOWED
  DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET
  LIMIT_IS_TOP
  RETURNING_END
  COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS_SUPPORTED
  EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES
  TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE
  NVL2_SUPPORTED
  VALUES_AS_TABLE
  ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD
  UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY
  SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE
  COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE
  TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS
  TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS
  TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS
  TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD
  TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD
  DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED
  ENSURE_BOOLS
  CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED
  SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT
  LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART
  SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS
  UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS
  SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO
  SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES
  SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE
  LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA
  MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT
  JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION
  JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED
  JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE
  CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY
  SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER
  OUTER_UNION_MODIFIERS
  TIME_PART_SINGULARS
  TOKEN_MAPPING
  NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN
  RESERVED_KEYWORDS
  WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS
  EXCLUDE_COMMENTS
  UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES
  PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES
  EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES
  SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK
  pretty
  identify
  normalize
  pad
  unsupported_level
  max_unsupported
  leading_comma
  max_text_width
  comments
  dialect
  normalize_functions
  unsupported_messages
  generate
  preprocess
  unsupported
  sep
  seg
  pad_comment
  maybe_comment
  wrap
  no_identify
  normalize_func
  indent
  sql
  uncache_sql
  cache_sql
  characterset_sql
  column_parts
  column_sql
  columnposition_sql
  columndef_sql
  columnconstraint_sql
  computedcolumnconstraint_sql
  autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql
  compresscolumnconstraint_sql
  generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql
  periodforsystemtimeconstraint_sql
  notnullcolumnconstraint_sql
  transformcolumnconstraint_sql
  primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql
  uniquecolumnconstraint_sql
  createable_sql
  create_sql
  sequenceproperties_sql
  clone_sql
  heredoc_sql
  prepend_ctes
  with_sql
  cte_sql
  tablealias_sql
  bitstring_sql
  hexstring_sql
  bytestring_sql
  unicodestring_sql
  rawstring_sql
  datatypeparam_sql
  directory_sql
  delete_sql
  drop_sql
  except_sql
  fetch_sql
  filter_sql
  hint_sql
  indexparameters_sql
  index_sql
  identifier_sql
  inputoutputformat_sql
  national_sql
  partition_sql
  properties_sql
  root_properties
  properties
  locate_properties
  property_name
  property_sql
  likeproperty_sql
  fallbackproperty_sql
  journalproperty_sql
  freespaceproperty_sql
  checksumproperty_sql
  mergeblockratioproperty_sql
  datablocksizeproperty_sql
  blockcompressionproperty_sql
  isolatedloadingproperty_sql
  partitionboundspec_sql
  partitionedofproperty_sql
  lockingproperty_sql
  withdataproperty_sql
  withsystemversioningproperty_sql
  insert_sql
  intersect_sql
  introducer_sql
  kill_sql
  pseudotype_sql
  objectidentifier_sql
  onconflict_sql
  returning_sql
  rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql
  withtablehint_sql
  indextablehint_sql
  historicaldata_sql
  table_parts
  table_sql
  tablesample_sql
  pivot_sql
  version_sql
  tuple_sql
  update_sql
  var_sql
  into_sql
  from_sql
  group_sql
  having_sql
  connect_sql
  prior_sql
  join_sql
  lambda_sql
  lateral_op
  lateral_sql
  limit_sql
  offset_sql
  setitem_sql
  set_sql
  pragma_sql
  lock_sql
  literal_sql
  escape_str
  loaddata_sql
  null_sql
  boolean_sql
  order_sql
  withfill_sql
  distribute_sql
  sort_sql
  ordered_sql
  matchrecognizemeasure_sql
  matchrecognize_sql
  query_modifiers
  queryoption_sql
  offset_limit_modifiers
  after_limit_modifiers
  select_sql
  schema_sql
  schema_columns_sql
  star_sql
  parameter_sql
  sessionparameter_sql
  placeholder_sql
  subquery_sql
  qualify_sql
  set_operations
  union_sql
  union_op
  prewhere_sql
  where_sql
  window_sql
  partition_by_sql
  windowspec_sql
  withingroup_sql
  between_sql
  bracket_offset_expressions
  bracket_sql
  all_sql
  any_sql
  exists_sql
  case_sql
  constraint_sql
  nextvaluefor_sql
  extract_sql
  trim_sql
  convert_concat_args
  concat_sql
  concatws_sql
  check_sql
  foreignkey_sql
  primarykey_sql
  if_sql
  matchagainst_sql
  jsonkeyvalue_sql
  jsonpath_sql
  json_path_part
  formatjson_sql
  jsonobject_sql
  jsonobjectagg_sql
  jsonarray_sql
  jsonarrayagg_sql
  jsoncolumndef_sql
  jsonschema_sql
  jsontable_sql
  openjsoncolumndef_sql
  openjson_sql
  in_sql
  in_unnest_op
  interval_sql
  return_sql
  reference_sql
  anonymous_sql
  paren_sql
  neg_sql
  not_sql
  alias_sql
  pivotalias_sql
  aliases_sql
  atindex_sql
  attimezone_sql
  fromtimezone_sql
  add_sql
  and_sql
  or_sql
  xor_sql
  connector_sql
  bitwiseand_sql
  bitwiseleftshift_sql
  bitwisenot_sql
  bitwiseor_sql
  bitwiserightshift_sql
  bitwisexor_sql
  cast_sql
  currentdate_sql
  currenttimestamp_sql
  collate_sql
  command_sql
  comment_sql
  mergetreettlaction_sql
  mergetreettl_sql
  transaction_sql
  commit_sql
  rollback_sql
  altercolumn_sql
  renametable_sql
  renamecolumn_sql
  altertable_sql
  add_column_sql
  droppartition_sql
  addconstraint_sql
  distinct_sql
  ignorenulls_sql
  respectnulls_sql
  havingmax_sql
  intdiv_sql
  dpipe_sql
  div_sql
  overlaps_sql
  distance_sql
  dot_sql
  eq_sql
  propertyeq_sql
  escape_sql
  glob_sql
  gt_sql
  gte_sql
  ilike_sql
  ilikeany_sql
  is_sql
  like_sql
  likeany_sql
  similarto_sql
  lt_sql
  lte_sql
  mod_sql
  mul_sql
  neq_sql
  nullsafeeq_sql
  nullsafeneq_sql
  slice_sql
  sub_sql
  use_sql
  binary
  function_fallback_sql
  func
  format_args
  too_wide
  format_time
  expressions
  op_expressions
  naked_property
  tag_sql
  token_sql
  userdefinedfunction_sql
  joinhint_sql
  kwarg_sql
  when_sql
  merge_sql
  tochar_sql
  dictproperty_sql
  dictrange_sql
  dictsubproperty_sql
  oncluster_sql
  clusteredbyproperty_sql
  anyvalue_sql
  querytransform_sql
  indexconstraintoption_sql
  checkcolumnconstraint_sql
  indexcolumnconstraint_sql
  nvl2_sql
  comprehension_sql
  columnprefix_sql
  opclass_sql
  predict_sql
  forin_sql
  refresh_sql
  operator_sql
  toarray_sql
  tsordstotime_sql
  tsordstotimestamp_sql
  tsordstodate_sql
  unixdate_sql
  lastday_sql
  dateadd_sql
  arrayany_sql
  generateseries_sql
  partitionrange_sql
  truncatetable_sql
  convert_sql