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# sqlglot.optimizer.unnest_subqueries

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      1from sqlglot import exp
      2from sqlglot.helper import name_sequence
      3from sqlglot.optimizer.scope import ScopeType, traverse_scope
      4
      5
      6def unnest_subqueries(expression):
      7    """
      8    Rewrite sqlglot AST to convert some predicates with subqueries into joins.
      9
     10    Convert scalar subqueries into cross joins.
     11    Convert correlated or vectorized subqueries into a group by so it is not a many to many left join.
     12
     13    Example:
     14        >>> import sqlglot
     15        >>> expression = sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT * FROM x AS x WHERE (SELECT y.a AS a FROM y AS y WHERE x.a = y.a) = 1 ")
     16        >>> unnest_subqueries(expression).sql()
     17        'SELECT * FROM x AS x LEFT JOIN (SELECT y.a AS a FROM y AS y WHERE TRUE GROUP BY y.a) AS _u_0 ON x.a = _u_0.a WHERE _u_0.a = 1'
     18
     19    Args:
     20        expression (sqlglot.Expression): expression to unnest
     21    Returns:
     22        sqlglot.Expression: unnested expression
     23    """
     24    next_alias_name = name_sequence("_u_")
     25
     26    for scope in traverse_scope(expression):
     27        select = scope.expression
     28        parent = select.parent_select
     29        if not parent:
     30            continue
     31        if scope.external_columns:
     32            decorrelate(select, parent, scope.external_columns, next_alias_name)
     33        elif scope.scope_type == ScopeType.SUBQUERY:
     34            unnest(select, parent, next_alias_name)
     35
     36    return expression
     37
     38
     39def unnest(select, parent_select, next_alias_name):
     40    if len(select.selects) > 1:
     41        return
     42
     43    predicate = select.find_ancestor(exp.Condition)
     44    alias = next_alias_name()
     45
     46    if (
     47        not predicate
     48        or parent_select is not predicate.parent_select
     49        or not parent_select.args.get("from")
     50    ):
     51        return
     52
     53    # This subquery returns a scalar and can just be converted to a cross join
     54    if not isinstance(predicate, (exp.In, exp.Any)):
     55        column = exp.column(select.selects[0].alias_or_name, alias)
     56
     57        clause = predicate.find_ancestor(exp.Having, exp.Where, exp.Join)
     58        clause_parent_select = clause.parent_select if clause else None
     59
     60        if (isinstance(clause, exp.Having) and clause_parent_select is parent_select) or (
     61            (not clause or clause_parent_select is not parent_select)
     62            and (
     63                parent_select.args.get("group")
     64                or any(projection.find(exp.AggFunc) for projection in parent_select.selects)
     65            )
     66        ):
     67            column = exp.Max(this=column)
     68
     69        _replace(select.parent, column)
     70        parent_select.join(select, join_type="CROSS", join_alias=alias, copy=False)
     71        return
     72
     73    if select.find(exp.Limit, exp.Offset):
     74        return
     75
     76    if isinstance(predicate, exp.Any):
     77        predicate = predicate.find_ancestor(exp.EQ)
     78
     79        if not predicate or parent_select is not predicate.parent_select:
     80            return
     81
     82    column = _other_operand(predicate)
     83    value = select.selects[0]
     84
     85    on = exp.condition(f'{column} = "{alias}"."{value.alias}"')
     86    _replace(predicate, f"NOT {on.right} IS NULL")
     87
     88    parent_select.join(
     89        select.group_by(value.this, copy=False),
     90        on=on,
     91        join_type="LEFT",
     92        join_alias=alias,
     93        copy=False,
     94    )
     95
     96
     97def decorrelate(select, parent_select, external_columns, next_alias_name):
     98    where = select.args.get("where")
     99
    100    if not where or where.find(exp.Or) or select.find(exp.Limit, exp.Offset):
    101        return
    102
    103    table_alias = next_alias_name()
    104    keys = []
    105
    106    # for all external columns in the where statement, find the relevant predicate
    107    # keys to convert it into a join
    108    for column in external_columns:
    109        if column.find_ancestor(exp.Where) is not where:
    110            return
    111
    112        predicate = column.find_ancestor(exp.Predicate)
    113
    114        if not predicate or predicate.find_ancestor(exp.Where) is not where:
    115            return
    116
    117        if isinstance(predicate, exp.Binary):
    118            key = (
    119                predicate.right
    120                if any(node is column for node, *_ in predicate.left.walk())
    121                else predicate.left
    122            )
    123        else:
    124            return
    125
    126        keys.append((key, column, predicate))
    127
    128    if not any(isinstance(predicate, exp.EQ) for *_, predicate in keys):
    129        return
    130
    131    is_subquery_projection = any(
    132        node is select.parent for node in parent_select.selects if isinstance(node, exp.Subquery)
    133    )
    134
    135    value = select.selects[0]
    136    key_aliases = {}
    137    group_by = []
    138
    139    for key, _, predicate in keys:
    140        # if we filter on the value of the subquery, it needs to be unique
    141        if key == value.this:
    142            key_aliases[key] = value.alias
    143            group_by.append(key)
    144        else:
    145            if key not in key_aliases:
    146                key_aliases[key] = next_alias_name()
    147            # all predicates that are equalities must also be in the unique
    148            # so that we don't do a many to many join
    149            if isinstance(predicate, exp.EQ) and key not in group_by:
    150                group_by.append(key)
    151
    152    parent_predicate = select.find_ancestor(exp.Predicate)
    153
    154    # if the value of the subquery is not an agg or a key, we need to collect it into an array
    155    # so that it can be grouped. For subquery projections, we use a MAX aggregation instead.
    156    agg_func = exp.Max if is_subquery_projection else exp.ArrayAgg
    157    if not value.find(exp.AggFunc) and value.this not in group_by:
    158        select.select(
    159            exp.alias_(agg_func(this=value.this), value.alias, quoted=False),
    160            append=False,
    161            copy=False,
    162        )
    163
    164    # exists queries should not have any selects as it only checks if there are any rows
    165    # all selects will be added by the optimizer and only used for join keys
    166    if isinstance(parent_predicate, exp.Exists):
    167        select.args["expressions"] = []
    168
    169    for key, alias in key_aliases.items():
    170        if key in group_by:
    171            # add all keys to the projections of the subquery
    172            # so that we can use it as a join key
    173            if isinstance(parent_predicate, exp.Exists) or key != value.this:
    174                select.select(f"{key} AS {alias}", copy=False)
    175        else:
    176            select.select(exp.alias_(agg_func(this=key.copy()), alias, quoted=False), copy=False)
    177
    178    alias = exp.column(value.alias, table_alias)
    179    other = _other_operand(parent_predicate)
    180
    181    if isinstance(parent_predicate, exp.Exists):
    182        alias = exp.column(list(key_aliases.values())[0], table_alias)
    183        parent_predicate = _replace(parent_predicate, f"NOT {alias} IS NULL")
    184    elif isinstance(parent_predicate, exp.All):
    185        parent_predicate = _replace(
    186            parent_predicate.parent, f"ARRAY_ALL({alias}, _x -> _x = {other})"
    187        )
    188    elif isinstance(parent_predicate, exp.Any):
    189        if value.this in group_by:
    190            parent_predicate = _replace(parent_predicate.parent, f"{other} = {alias}")
    191        else:
    192            parent_predicate = _replace(parent_predicate, f"ARRAY_ANY({alias}, _x -> _x = {other})")
    193    elif isinstance(parent_predicate, exp.In):
    194        if value.this in group_by:
    195            parent_predicate = _replace(parent_predicate, f"{other} = {alias}")
    196        else:
    197            parent_predicate = _replace(
    198                parent_predicate,
    199                f"ARRAY_ANY({alias}, _x -> _x = {parent_predicate.this})",
    200            )
    201    else:
    202        if is_subquery_projection:
    203            alias = exp.alias_(alias, select.parent.alias)
    204
    205        # COUNT always returns 0 on empty datasets, so we need take that into consideration here
    206        # by transforming all counts into 0 and using that as the coalesced value
    207        if value.find(exp.Count):
    208
    209            def remove_aggs(node):
    210                if isinstance(node, exp.Count):
    211                    return exp.Literal.number(0)
    212                elif isinstance(node, exp.AggFunc):
    213                    return exp.null()
    214                return node
    215
    216            alias = exp.Coalesce(
    217                this=alias,
    218                expressions=[value.this.transform(remove_aggs)],
    219            )
    220
    221        select.parent.replace(alias)
    222
    223    for key, column, predicate in keys:
    224        predicate.replace(exp.true())
    225        nested = exp.column(key_aliases[key], table_alias)
    226
    227        if is_subquery_projection:
    228            key.replace(nested)
    229            continue
    230
    231        if key in group_by:
    232            key.replace(nested)
    233        elif isinstance(predicate, exp.EQ):
    234            parent_predicate = _replace(
    235                parent_predicate,
    236                f"({parent_predicate} AND ARRAY_CONTAINS({nested}, {column}))",
    237            )
    238        else:
    239            key.replace(exp.to_identifier("_x"))
    240            parent_predicate = _replace(
    241                parent_predicate,
    242                f'({parent_predicate} AND ARRAY_ANY({nested}, "_x" -> {predicate}))',
    243            )
    244
    245    parent_select.join(
    246        select.group_by(*group_by, copy=False),
    247        on=[predicate for *_, predicate in keys if isinstance(predicate, exp.EQ)],
    248        join_type="LEFT",
    249        join_alias=table_alias,
    250        copy=False,
    251    )
    252
    253
    254def _replace(expression, condition):
    255    return expression.replace(exp.condition(condition))
    256
    257
    258def _other_operand(expression):
    259    if isinstance(expression, exp.In):
    260        return expression.this
    261
    262    if isinstance(expression, (exp.Any, exp.All)):
    263        return _other_operand(expression.parent)
    264
    265    if isinstance(expression, exp.Binary):
    266        return (
    267            expression.right
    268            if isinstance(expression.left, (exp.Subquery, exp.Any, exp.Exists, exp.All))
    269            else expression.left
    270        )
    271
    272    return None

def unnest_subqueries(expression): View Source

     7def unnest_subqueries(expression):
     8    """
     9    Rewrite sqlglot AST to convert some predicates with subqueries into joins.
    10
    11    Convert scalar subqueries into cross joins.
    12    Convert correlated or vectorized subqueries into a group by so it is not a many to many left join.
    13
    14    Example:
    15        >>> import sqlglot
    16        >>> expression = sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT * FROM x AS x WHERE (SELECT y.a AS a FROM y AS y WHERE x.a = y.a) = 1 ")
    17        >>> unnest_subqueries(expression).sql()
    18        'SELECT * FROM x AS x LEFT JOIN (SELECT y.a AS a FROM y AS y WHERE TRUE GROUP BY y.a) AS _u_0 ON x.a = _u_0.a WHERE _u_0.a = 1'
    19
    20    Args:
    21        expression (sqlglot.Expression): expression to unnest
    22    Returns:
    23        sqlglot.Expression: unnested expression
    24    """
    25    next_alias_name = name_sequence("_u_")
    26
    27    for scope in traverse_scope(expression):
    28        select = scope.expression
    29        parent = select.parent_select
    30        if not parent:
    31            continue
    32        if scope.external_columns:
    33            decorrelate(select, parent, scope.external_columns, next_alias_name)
    34        elif scope.scope_type == ScopeType.SUBQUERY:
    35            unnest(select, parent, next_alias_name)
    36
    37    return expression

Rewrite sqlglot AST to convert some predicates with subqueries into joins.

Convert scalar subqueries into cross joins. Convert correlated or vectorized subqueries into a group by so it is not a many to many left join.

###### Example:

>     >>> import sqlglot
>     >>> expression = sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT * FROM x AS x WHERE (SELECT y.a AS a FROM y AS y WHERE x.a = y.a) = 1 ")
>     >>> unnest_subqueries(expression).sql()
>     'SELECT * FROM x AS x LEFT JOIN (SELECT y.a AS a FROM y AS y WHERE TRUE GROUP BY y.a) AS _u_0 ON x.a = _u_0.a WHERE _u_0.a = 1'

###### Arguments:

- expression (sqlglot.Expression): expression to unnest

###### Returns:

> sqlglot.Expression: unnested expression

def unnest(select, parent_select, next_alias_name): View Source

    40def unnest(select, parent_select, next_alias_name):
    41    if len(select.selects) > 1:
    42        return
    43
    44    predicate = select.find_ancestor(exp.Condition)
    45    alias = next_alias_name()
    46
    47    if (
    48        not predicate
    49        or parent_select is not predicate.parent_select
    50        or not parent_select.args.get("from")
    51    ):
    52        return
    53
    54    # This subquery returns a scalar and can just be converted to a cross join
    55    if not isinstance(predicate, (exp.In, exp.Any)):
    56        column = exp.column(select.selects[0].alias_or_name, alias)
    57
    58        clause = predicate.find_ancestor(exp.Having, exp.Where, exp.Join)
    59        clause_parent_select = clause.parent_select if clause else None
    60
    61        if (isinstance(clause, exp.Having) and clause_parent_select is parent_select) or (
    62            (not clause or clause_parent_select is not parent_select)
    63            and (
    64                parent_select.args.get("group")
    65                or any(projection.find(exp.AggFunc) for projection in parent_select.selects)
    66            )
    67        ):
    68            column = exp.Max(this=column)
    69
    70        _replace(select.parent, column)
    71        parent_select.join(select, join_type="CROSS", join_alias=alias, copy=False)
    72        return
    73
    74    if select.find(exp.Limit, exp.Offset):
    75        return
    76
    77    if isinstance(predicate, exp.Any):
    78        predicate = predicate.find_ancestor(exp.EQ)
    79
    80        if not predicate or parent_select is not predicate.parent_select:
    81            return
    82
    83    column = _other_operand(predicate)
    84    value = select.selects[0]
    85
    86    on = exp.condition(f'{column} = "{alias}"."{value.alias}"')
    87    _replace(predicate, f"NOT {on.right} IS NULL")
    88
    89    parent_select.join(
    90        select.group_by(value.this, copy=False),
    91        on=on,
    92        join_type="LEFT",
    93        join_alias=alias,
    94        copy=False,
    95    )

def decorrelate(select, parent_select, external_columns, next_alias_name): View Source

     98def decorrelate(select, parent_select, external_columns, next_alias_name):
     99    where = select.args.get("where")
    100
    101    if not where or where.find(exp.Or) or select.find(exp.Limit, exp.Offset):
    102        return
    103
    104    table_alias = next_alias_name()
    105    keys = []
    106
    107    # for all external columns in the where statement, find the relevant predicate
    108    # keys to convert it into a join
    109    for column in external_columns:
    110        if column.find_ancestor(exp.Where) is not where:
    111            return
    112
    113        predicate = column.find_ancestor(exp.Predicate)
    114
    115        if not predicate or predicate.find_ancestor(exp.Where) is not where:
    116            return
    117
    118        if isinstance(predicate, exp.Binary):
    119            key = (
    120                predicate.right
    121                if any(node is column for node, *_ in predicate.left.walk())
    122                else predicate.left
    123            )
    124        else:
    125            return
    126
    127        keys.append((key, column, predicate))
    128
    129    if not any(isinstance(predicate, exp.EQ) for *_, predicate in keys):
    130        return
    131
    132    is_subquery_projection = any(
    133        node is select.parent for node in parent_select.selects if isinstance(node, exp.Subquery)
    134    )
    135
    136    value = select.selects[0]
    137    key_aliases = {}
    138    group_by = []
    139
    140    for key, _, predicate in keys:
    141        # if we filter on the value of the subquery, it needs to be unique
    142        if key == value.this:
    143            key_aliases[key] = value.alias
    144            group_by.append(key)
    145        else:
    146            if key not in key_aliases:
    147                key_aliases[key] = next_alias_name()
    148            # all predicates that are equalities must also be in the unique
    149            # so that we don't do a many to many join
    150            if isinstance(predicate, exp.EQ) and key not in group_by:
    151                group_by.append(key)
    152
    153    parent_predicate = select.find_ancestor(exp.Predicate)
    154
    155    # if the value of the subquery is not an agg or a key, we need to collect it into an array
    156    # so that it can be grouped. For subquery projections, we use a MAX aggregation instead.
    157    agg_func = exp.Max if is_subquery_projection else exp.ArrayAgg
    158    if not value.find(exp.AggFunc) and value.this not in group_by:
    159        select.select(
    160            exp.alias_(agg_func(this=value.this), value.alias, quoted=False),
    161            append=False,
    162            copy=False,
    163        )
    164
    165    # exists queries should not have any selects as it only checks if there are any rows
    166    # all selects will be added by the optimizer and only used for join keys
    167    if isinstance(parent_predicate, exp.Exists):
    168        select.args["expressions"] = []
    169
    170    for key, alias in key_aliases.items():
    171        if key in group_by:
    172            # add all keys to the projections of the subquery
    173            # so that we can use it as a join key
    174            if isinstance(parent_predicate, exp.Exists) or key != value.this:
    175                select.select(f"{key} AS {alias}", copy=False)
    176        else:
    177            select.select(exp.alias_(agg_func(this=key.copy()), alias, quoted=False), copy=False)
    178
    179    alias = exp.column(value.alias, table_alias)
    180    other = _other_operand(parent_predicate)
    181
    182    if isinstance(parent_predicate, exp.Exists):
    183        alias = exp.column(list(key_aliases.values())[0], table_alias)
    184        parent_predicate = _replace(parent_predicate, f"NOT {alias} IS NULL")
    185    elif isinstance(parent_predicate, exp.All):
    186        parent_predicate = _replace(
    187            parent_predicate.parent, f"ARRAY_ALL({alias}, _x -> _x = {other})"
    188        )
    189    elif isinstance(parent_predicate, exp.Any):
    190        if value.this in group_by:
    191            parent_predicate = _replace(parent_predicate.parent, f"{other} = {alias}")
    192        else:
    193            parent_predicate = _replace(parent_predicate, f"ARRAY_ANY({alias}, _x -> _x = {other})")
    194    elif isinstance(parent_predicate, exp.In):
    195        if value.this in group_by:
    196            parent_predicate = _replace(parent_predicate, f"{other} = {alias}")
    197        else:
    198            parent_predicate = _replace(
    199                parent_predicate,
    200                f"ARRAY_ANY({alias}, _x -> _x = {parent_predicate.this})",
    201            )
    202    else:
    203        if is_subquery_projection:
    204            alias = exp.alias_(alias, select.parent.alias)
    205
    206        # COUNT always returns 0 on empty datasets, so we need take that into consideration here
    207        # by transforming all counts into 0 and using that as the coalesced value
    208        if value.find(exp.Count):
    209
    210            def remove_aggs(node):
    211                if isinstance(node, exp.Count):
    212                    return exp.Literal.number(0)
    213                elif isinstance(node, exp.AggFunc):
    214                    return exp.null()
    215                return node
    216
    217            alias = exp.Coalesce(
    218                this=alias,
    219                expressions=[value.this.transform(remove_aggs)],
    220            )
    221
    222        select.parent.replace(alias)
    223
    224    for key, column, predicate in keys:
    225        predicate.replace(exp.true())
    226        nested = exp.column(key_aliases[key], table_alias)
    227
    228        if is_subquery_projection:
    229            key.replace(nested)
    230            continue
    231
    232        if key in group_by:
    233            key.replace(nested)
    234        elif isinstance(predicate, exp.EQ):
    235            parent_predicate = _replace(
    236                parent_predicate,
    237                f"({parent_predicate} AND ARRAY_CONTAINS({nested}, {column}))",
    238            )
    239        else:
    240            key.replace(exp.to_identifier("_x"))
    241            parent_predicate = _replace(
    242                parent_predicate,
    243                f'({parent_predicate} AND ARRAY_ANY({nested}, "_x" -> {predicate}))',
    244            )
    245
    246    parent_select.join(
    247        select.group_by(*group_by, copy=False),
    248        on=[predicate for *_, predicate in keys if isinstance(predicate, exp.EQ)],
    249        join_type="LEFT",
    250        join_alias=table_alias,
    251        copy=False,
    252    )